{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:18:17Z","timestamp":1785410297339,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"AOSIS","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Retirement is a significant life transition that often brings changes in daily routines, including health screening and levels of physical activity.\n\nAim: The aim of this study was to determine the wellness profile of residents living in retirement villages.\n\nSetting: This study was conducted in the City of Johannesburg.\n\nMethods: This cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study included 108 retirees from 7 retirement villages. To determine the wellness profile, biokinetic wellness screening tests were performed, including blood pressure, heart rate, rate pressure product, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), handgrip strength, sit-and-reach test and Apley\u2019s back scratch test.\n\nResults: The median age of the sample was 75 years. Significant variability was noted in the BMI measurement (25.35 kg\/m2; IQR: 6.83), and the median rate pressure product (RPP) was 10 284 mmHg\/min (IQR: 2962). Data revealed limited flexibility for Apley\u2019s scratch test (-34; -31) and sit-and-reach test (0.00).\n\nConclusion: Strength was greater among male participants, while better flexibility but higher heart rates were recorded among females. Tailored interventions emphasising cardiovascular health, weight management and physical performance are recommended among retirees.\n\nContribution: This resource will guide policymakers, community managers and healthcare professionals in designing targeted interventions and inform future research on ageing and wellness in urban settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/hsag.v30i0.3002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T08:00:50Z","timestamp":1756713650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wellness profile of residents in urban retirement villages in the City of Johannesburg"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8562-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04z6c2n17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Johannesburg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1446-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04z6c2n17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Johannesburg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2067-0656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thembisile","family":"Mbatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04z6c2n17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Johannesburg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrahams, C. & Everatt, D., 2019, \u2018City Profile: Johannesburg, South Africa\u2019, Environment and Urbanization ASIA 10(2), 255\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0975425319859123","DOI":"10.1177\/0975425319859123"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Brown, T., 2022, \u2018Accessibility and safety in urban recreation: Implications for older adults\u2019, Journal of Urban Health 99(4), 577\u2013590."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callahan, E.A. (ed.), 2023, Translating knowledge of foundational drivers of obesity into practice: Proceedings of a workshop series, p. 10, National Academies Press (US), Washington, DC, The Science, Strengths, and Limitations of Body Mass Index, viewed 12 January 2025, from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK594362\/.","DOI":"10.17226\/26942"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodds, R.M., Syddall, H.E., Cooper, R., Benzeval, M., Deary, I.J., Dennison, E.M. et al., 2014, \u2018Grip strength across the life course: Normative data from twelve British studies\u2019, PLoS One 9(12), e113637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0113637","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113637"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egal, A.A., 2015, \u2018Trends in the development of obesity in elderly day care attendees in Sharpeville, South Africa, from 2007\u20132011\u2019, South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28(1), 12\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16070658.2015.11734520","DOI":"10.1080\/16070658.2015.11734520"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleming, P.J. & Agnew-Brune, C., 2015, \u2018Current trends in the study of gender norms and health behaviors\u2019, Current Opinion in Psychology 1(5), 72\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.05.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.05.001"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Gerontological Society of America, 2022, Women and aging: Social roles and strategies for support, viewed 23 January 2025, from https:\/\/www.geron.org\/."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goetjes, E., Pavlova, M., Hongoro, C. & Groot, W., 2020, \u2018Socioeconomic inequalities and obesity in South Africa \u2013 A decomposition analysis\u2019, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(17), 9181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18179181","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179181"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonnord, T., Clarys, D., Boucard, G. & Esnard, C., 2023, \u2018Positive impact of social relationships fostered by physical and\/or cognitive group activity on older people\u2019s quality of life: PRISMA systematic review\u2019, Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1166072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1166072","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1166072"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Z., Ghose, B., Yaya, S., Cheng, Z. & Zhou, Y., 2020, \u2018Perceived neighborhood safety and exercise behavior among community dwellers in Gauteng, South Africa\u2019, Medicine 99(51), e23552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000023552","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023552"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Heinecke, M.L., Thuesen, S.T. & Stow, R.C., 2014, \u2018Graston technique on shoulder motion in overhead athletes\u2019, Journal of Undergraduate Kinesiology Research 1(10), 27\u201339."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Johnson, R. & Patel, D., 2016, \u2018Urban challenges and community development in Johannesburg suburbs\u2019, Urban Studies Review 52(1), 12\u201325."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Lee, J., Park, M. & Kim, S., 2024, \u2018Community-based physical activity programs for older adults: Strategies and outcomes\u2019, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21(3), 213\u2013226."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lloyd-Sherlock, P. & Agrawal, S., 2014, \u2018Pensions and the health of older people in South Africa: Is there an Effect?\u2019, The Journal of Development Studies 50(11), 1570\u20131586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00220388.2014.936399","DOI":"10.1080\/00220388.2014.936399"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masi, C.M., Hawkley, L.C., Xu, X., Veenstra, T.D. & Cacioppo, J.T., 2009, \u2018Serum estrogen metabolites and systolic blood pressure among middle-aged and older women and men\u2019, American Journal of Hypertension 22(11), 1148\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajh.2009.155","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.155"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Nguyen, T. & Ross, C., 2021, \u2018Addressing urban disparities: Community initiatives in Johannesburg\u2019, South African Journal of Community Development 18(3), 144\u2013159."},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Owolabi, E.O., Goon, D.T., Adeniyi, O.V., Adedokun, A.O. & Seeko, E., 2017, \u2018Prevalence and associated factors of obesity among South African adults: A cross sectional study\u2019, Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 16(2), 1, viewed 27 January 2025, from http:\/\/www.ojhas.org\/issue62\/2017-2-1.html."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sathian, B., Van Teijlingen, E., Simkhada, P., Al Hamad, H. & Kabir, R., 2024, \u2018Evidence-based approaches in aging and public health\u2019, Lausanne: Frontiers Media SA 12, 1391432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1391432","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1391432"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"South African Medical Research Council, 2021, Empirical data suggests average life expectancy in South Africa declined by only 0.6 of a year in 2020, Rapid Mortality Surveillance Report 2019 & 2020, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stathokostas, L., McDonald, M.W., Little, R.M. & Paterson, D.H., 2013, \u2018Flexibility of older adults aged 55\u201386 years and the influence of physical activity\u2019, Journal of Aging Research 2013(1), 743843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/743843","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/743843"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomkinson, G.R., Lang, J.J., Rub\u00edn, L., McGrath, R., Gower, B., Boyle, T. et al., 2024, \u2018International norms for adult handgrip strength: A systematic review of data on 2.4 million adults aged 20 to 100+ years from 69 countries and regions\u2019, Journal of Sport and Health Science 14, 101014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2024.101014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2025.101042"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wells, K.F. & Dillon, E.K., 1952, \u2018The sit and reach \u2013 A test of back and leg flexibility, research quarterly\u2019, American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation 23(1), 115\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10671188.1952.10761965","DOI":"10.1080\/10671188.1952.10761965"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whelton, P.K., Carey, R.M., Mancia, G., Kreutz, R., Bundy, J.D. & Williams, B., 2022, \u2018Harmonization of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology\/European Society of Hypertension Blood Pressure\/Hypertension guidelines\u2019, European Heart Journal 43(35), 3302\u20133311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac432","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac432"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO), 2021a, Ageing and health, viewed 27 December 2024, from https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/ageing."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO), 2021b, Obesity and overweight fact sheet, viewed 27 December 2024, from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO), 2023, Global recommendations on physical activity for health: Older adults, World Health Organization, viewed 27 December 2024, from https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/44399\/9789241599979_eng.pdf;jsessionid=7A3C731C5117068171F01FD52F52AB31?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Pan, Y. & Li, Q., 2024, \u2018Influencing factors of health screening among retirees: An extended TPB approach\u2019, Front Public Health 12, 1320920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1320920","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1320920"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, D., Yang, S.H., Lee, J.M., Lee, J.M. & Kim, J., 2023, \u2018Effects of socioeconomic status on physical activity and cardiovascular diseases prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the older adults\u2019, Frontiers in Public Health 11, 1241027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1241027","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1241027"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusifov, A., Woulfe, K.C. & Bruns, D.R., 2022, \u2018Mechanisms and implications of sex differences in cardiac aging\u2019, J Cardiovasc Aging 2:20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20517\/jca.2022.01","DOI":"10.20517\/jca.2022.01"}],"container-title":["Health SA Gesondheid"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T08:01:07Z","timestamp":1756713667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/hsag.co.za\/index.php\/hsag\/article\/view\/3002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/hsag.v30i0.3002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1025-9848","2071-9736"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1025-9848","type":"print"},{"value":"2071-9736","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"article-number":"a3002"}}