{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:25:18Z","timestamp":1788323118488,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study adds to knowledge by specifically focusing on the dam spillage-induced floods within a fast-urbanising city with weak law enforcement in a developing country. Employing a sequential mixed-method approach, we first selected and analysed data from 120 respondents through a survey and complemented it with key informants residing in the communities affected by flooding. The findings revealed that dramatic ramifications of dam spillage-induced floods disrupt the livelihoods of many individuals in the form of disruption to income-generating activities and substantial property loss. Notwithstanding the devastating effect of the dam spillage, residents lack advance and adequate preparedness. In coping with such challenges, most flood victims rely on support from nongovernmental sources. The challenge of flooding from the dam spillage is multifaceted and deeply rooted in complex factors which includes growing urbanisation, poor urban planning and weak law enforcement. Residents\u2019 adaptive strategies remain limited, demonstrating a dearth of resilience against such shocks.\n\nContribution: In light of these challenges, the authors advocate a close collaborative working partnerships among stakeholders to provide flood risk management interventions, strategic planned dam spillage that minimises the effect of dam spillage-induced floods on the local communities, early warning systems and planning and enforcement of building regulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/jamba.v16i1.1476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T02:43:40Z","timestamp":1709693020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Urban flooding: Coping with Weija Dam spillage by downstream communities in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3495-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Asare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02369cb65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Presbyterian University, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3872-9852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Tuffour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04tvaz881","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Environment and Sustainable Development"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeka, E., Asante, F.A., Laube, W. & Codjoe, S.N., 2020, \u2018Contested causes of flooding in poor urban areas in Accra, Ghana: An actor-oriented perspective\u2019, Environment, Development & Sustainability 22(4), 3033\u20133049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10668-019-00333-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-019-00333-4"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Adegoke, J., Sylla, M.B., Bossa, A.Y., Ogunjobi, K. & Adounkpe, J (eds.), 2019, Regional climate Change Series: Floods, WASCAL Publishing, Accra."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adelekan, I., Johnson, C., Manda, M., Matyas, D., Mberu, B., Parnell, S. et al., 2015, \u2018Disaster risk and its reduction: An agenda for urban Africa\u2019, International Development Planning Review 37(1), 33\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3828\/idpr.2015.4","DOI":"10.3828\/idpr.2015.4"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adwubi, A., Amegashie, B.K., Agyare, W.A., Tamene, L., Odai, S.N., Quansah, C. et al., 2009, \u2018Assessing sediment inputs to small reservoirs in Upper East Region, Ghana\u2019, Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management 14(4), 279\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1770.2009.00410.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1770.2009.00410.x"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahadzie, D.K. & Proverbs, D.G., 2011, \u2018Emerging issues in the management of floods in Ghana\u2019, International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 1(2), 182\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2495\/SAFE-V1-N2-182-192","DOI":"10.2495\/SAFE-V1-N2-182-192"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almoradie, A., De Brito, M.M., Evers, M., Bossa, A., Lumor, M., Norman, C. et al., 2020, \u2018Current flood risk management practices in Ghana: Gaps and opportunities for improving resilience\u2019, Journal of Flood Risk Management 13(4), e12664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfr3.12664","DOI":"10.1111\/jfr3.12664"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Allen, A., Apsan Frediani, A. & Wood-Hill, M., 2014, \u2018Land and planning for urban agriculture in Accra: Sustained urban agriculture or sustainable urbanization\u2019, in P. Drechsel & B. Keraita (eds.), Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: Characteristics, benefits, and risk mitigation, pp. 146\u2013161, International Water Management Institute, Accra."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appiah, D.O., Bugri, J.T., Forkuor, E.K. & Boateng, P.K., 2014, \u2018Determinants of peri-urbanization and land use change patterns in peri-urban Ghana\u2019, Journal of Sustainable Development 7(6), 95\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/jsd.v7n6p95","DOI":"10.5539\/jsd.v7n6p95"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Asiedu, J.B., 2020, \u2018Reviewing the argument on floods in urban areas: A look at the causes\u2019, Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management 15(1), 24\u201341."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Asumadu-Sarkodie, S., Owusu, P.A. & Jayaweera, M.P.C., 2015, \u2018Flood risk management in Ghana: A case study in Accra\u2019, Advances in Applied Science Research 6, 196\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/M9.FIGSHARE.3381484.V1"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Asumadu-Sarkodie, S., Owusu, P.A. & Rufangura, P., 2015, \u2018Impact analysis of flood in Accra, Ghana\u2019, Advances in Applied Science Research 6(9), 53\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/M9.FIGSHARE.3381460"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birkmann, J. 2013. \u2018Risk\u2019, in P.T. Bobrowsky (ed.), Encyclopedia of natural hazards. encyclopedia of earth sciences series, pp. 856\u2013862, Springer, Dordrecht, ISBN 978-90-481-8699-0. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4020-4399-4_296","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-4399-4_296"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Boateng, C., 2021, Ghana news: Weija Dam spillage floods communities, Graphic Online, viewed 18 August 2021, from https:\/\/www.graphic.com.gh\/news\/general-news\/weija-dam-spillagefloods-communities.html."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branche, E., 2017, \u2018The multipurpose water uses of hydropower reservoir: The SHARE concept\u2019, Comptes Rendus Physique 18(7\u20138), 469\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crhy.2017.06.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crhy.2017.06.001"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Bryman, A., 2012, Social research methods, 4th edn., Oxford University Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bubeck, P., Kreibich, H., Penning-Rowsell, E.C., Botzen, W.J.W., De Moel, H. & Klijn, F., 2017, \u2018Explaining differences in flood management approaches in Europe and in the USA \u2013 A comparative analysis\u2019, Journal of Flood Risk Management 10(4), 436\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfr3.12151","DOI":"10.1111\/jfr3.12151"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), 2020, Human cost of disasters (2000\u20132019), Brussels, Belgium, viewed 21 March 2021, from https:\/\/www.emdat.be\/credcrunch-61-human-cost-disasters-2000-2019-0."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W. & Clark, V.L.P., 2017, Designing and conducting mixed methods research, Sage, London."},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W. & Creswell, J.D., 2017, Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, Sage, London."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Crichton, D., 1999, \u2018The risk triangle\u2019, Natural Disaster Management 102(3), 102\u2013103."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cools, J., Innocenti, D. & O\u2019Brien, S 2016, \u2018Lessons from flood early warning systems\u2019, Environmental Science & Policy 58, 117\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsci.2016.01.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2016.01.006"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danso, S.Y. & Addo, IY 2017, \u2018Coping strategies of households affected by flooding: A case study of Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis in Ghana\u2019, Urban Water Journal 14(5), 539\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1573062X.2016.1176223","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2016.1176223"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Silva, T.A., 2011, \u2018Mixed methods: A reflection of its adoption in environmental reporting\u2019, Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 8(1), 91\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/11766091111124720","DOI":"10.1108\/11766091111124720"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douglas, I., Alam, K., Maghenda, M., Mcdonnell, Y., McLean, L. & Campbell, J., 2008, \u2018Unjust waters: Climate change, flooding and the urban poor in Africa\u2019, Environment and Urbanization 20(1), 187\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956247808089156","DOI":"10.1177\/0956247808089156"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Echendu, A.J., 2022, \u2018Flooding in Nigeria and Ghana: Opportunities for partnerships in disaster-risk reduction\u2019, Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy 18(1), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15487733.2021.2004742","DOI":"10.1080\/15487733.2021.2004742"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Ga South Municipal Assembly, 2021, About us: Demographic characteristics, Ga South Municipal Assembly, Ngleshie Amanfro, viewed 14 July 2022, from https:\/\/gsma.gov.gh\/about.html."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gersonius, B., Van Buuren, A., Zethof, M. & Kelder, E., 2016, \u2018Resilient flood risk strategies: Institutional preconditions for implementation\u2019, Ecology and Society 21(4), 28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-08752-210428","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-08752-210428"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), 2018, Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS 7) 2017, Ghana Statistical Service, Accra."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service, 2014, 2010 Population & Housing Census: District Analytical Report: Ga South Municipal Assembly, Ghana Statistical Service, Accra."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recover (GFDRR), 2019, Ghana sustainable development, disaster prevention, and water resources management, viewed 13 January 2020, from https:\/\/www.gfdrr.org\/ghana."},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Gujja, B., 2006, Dam accused of role in flooding: Research paper: Dams and floods, World Wide Fund for Nature, viewed 16 May 2021, from https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/bangladesh\/dams-accused-role-flooding-researchpaper-dams-and-floods."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gyasi, S.F., Boamah, B., Awuah, E. & Otabil, K.B., 2018, \u2018A perspective analysis of dams and water quality: The Bui power project on the Black Volta, Ghana\u2019, Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018, 6471525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/6471525","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6471525"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha, D.T.T., Kim, S.H. & Bae, D.H., 2020, \u2018Impacts of upstream structures on downstream discharge in the transboundary Imjin river Basin, Korean Peninsula\u2019, Applied Sciences 10(9), 3333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app10093333","DOI":"10.3390\/app10093333"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Handayani, W., Chigbu, U.E., Rudiarto, I. & Putri, I.H.S., 2020, \u2018Urbanization and increasing flood risk in the Northern Coast of Central Java \u2013 Indonesia: An assessment towards better land use policy and flood management\u2019, Land 9(10), 343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land9100343","DOI":"10.3390\/land9100343"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), 2018, Ghana: Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Floods in Upper East Region, viewed 13 March 2021, from https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/ghana\/ghana-emergency-plan-action-epoa-floodsupper-east-region-dref-operation-n-mdrgh015."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"International Plant Protection Convention (IPCC), 2007, Climate Change 2007: Working Group II: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Rome, IPPC, viewed n.d., from: https:\/\/archive.ipcc.ch\/publications_and_data\/ar4\/wg2\/en\/ch3s3-4-3.html."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, A.K., Bloch, R. & Lamond, J., 2012, Cities and flooding: A guide to integrated urban flood risk management for the 21st century, The World Bank, Washington D.C.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-8866-2"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jogulu, U.D. & Pansiri, J., 2011, \u2018Mixed methods: A research design for management doctoral dissertations\u2019, Management Research Review 34(6), 687\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/01409171111136211","DOI":"10.1108\/01409171111136211"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuma, J.S. & Ashley, D.N., 2008, \u2018Runoff estimates into the Weija reservoir and its implications for water supply to Accra, Ghana\u2019, Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 2(2), 33\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4090\/juee.2008.v2n2.033040","DOI":"10.4090\/juee.2008.v2n2.033040"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Kundzewicz, Z.W., 2013, 15 Floods: Lessons about early warning systems. Late lessons from early warnings: Science, precaution, innovation, p. 25, viewed 23 July 2021, from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/KlementTockner\/publication\/299726814_Floodplain\/links\/586fd27608ae6eb871bf7fb7\/Floodplain.pdf."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemp\u00e9ri\u00e8re, F., 2017, \u2018Dams and floods\u2019, Engineering 3(1), 144\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.01.018","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.01.018"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Men\u00e9ndez, F., Paoletti, I. & Tom\u00e1s, M.I. (eds.), 2013, Practices of ethics: An empirical approach to ethics in social sciences research, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mensah, H. & Ahadzie, D.K., 2020, \u2018Causes, impacts and coping strategies of floods in Ghana: A systematic review\u2019, SN Applied Sciences 2(5), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42452-020-2548-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-2548-z"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, J.D. & Hutchins, M., 2017, \u2018The impacts of urbanisation and climate change on urban flooding and urban water quality: A review of the evidence concerning the United Kingdom\u2019, Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 12, 345\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrh.2017.06.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2017.06.006"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Musah, B.A., Mumuni, E., Abayomi, O. & Jibrel, M.B., 2013, \u2018Effects of floods on the livelihoods and food security of households in the Tolon\/kumbumgu district of the Northern region of Ghana\u2019, American Journal of Research Communication 1(8), 160\u2013171."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogie, R.I., Perez, P., Win, K.T. & Michael, K., 2018, \u2018Managing hydrological infrastructure assets for improved flood control in coastal mega-cities of developing nations\u2019, Urban Climate 24, 763\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.uclim.2017.09.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2017.09.002"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okaka, F.O. & Odhiambo, B.D., 2019, \u2018Households\u2019 perception of flood risk and health impact of exposure to flooding in flood-prone informal settlements in the coastal city of Mombasa\u2019, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 11(4), 592\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJCCSM-03-2018-0026","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCCSM-03-2018-0026"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2016, Financial management of flood risk, OECD Publishing, Paris."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owusu, G., 2008, \u2018Indigenes and migrants access to land in peri-urban areas of Ghana\u2019s largest City of Accra\u2019, International Development Planning Review (IDPR) 30(2), 177\u2013198.","DOI":"10.3828\/idpr.30.2.5"},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"Owusu, G., 2013, \u2018Coping with urban sprawl: A critical discussion of the urban containment strategy in a developing country city, Accra\u2019, Planum Journal of Urbanism 1(26), 1\u201317."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owusu, S., Wright, G. & Arthur, S., 2015, \u2018Public attitudes towards flooding and property-level flood protection measures\u2019, Natural Hazards 77(3), 1963\u20131978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11069-015-1686-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-015-1686-x"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owusu-Ansah, J.K., Dery, J.M. & Amoako, C., 2019, \u2018Flood vulnerability and coping mechanisms around the Weija Dam near Accra, Ghana\u2019, GeoJournal 84(6), 1597\u20131615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10708-018-9939-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-018-9939-3"},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Penning-Rowsell, E.C., Johnson, C., Tunstall, S.M., Tapsell, S.M., Morris, J., Chatterton, J.B. et al., 2003, The benefits of flood and coastal defence: Techniques and data for 2003, Middlesex University, Flood Hazard Research Centre, London."},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"Penning-Rowsell, E. & Peerbolte, B., \u2018Concepts, policies and research\u2019, in E. Penning-Rowsell & M. Fordham (eds.), Floods across Europe. Flood Hazard Assessment, Modelling and Management. pp. 1\u201317, Middlesex University Press, London."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, R.K. & Vojinovic, Z., 2008, \u2018Urban flood disaster management\u2019, Urban Water Journal 5(3), 259\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15730620802099721","DOI":"10.1080\/15730620802099721"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M., Ningsheng, C., Mahmud, G.I., Islam, M.M., Pourghasemi, H.R., Ahmad, H. et al., 2021, \u2018Flooding and its relationship with land cover change, population growth, and road density\u2019, Geoscience Frontiers 12(6), 101224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gsf.2021.101224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2021.101224"},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"Rain, D., Engstrom, R., Ludlow, C. & Antos, S., 2011, \u2018Accra Ghana: A city vulnerable to flooding and drought-induced migration\u2019, Case study prepared for cities and climate Change: Global Report on Human Settlements, pp. 1\u201321, UN-Habitat, Nairobi."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Restemeyer, B., Woltjer, J. & Van den Brink, M., 2015, \u2018A strategy-based framework for assessing the flood resilience of cities \u2013 A Hamburg case study\u2019, Planning Theory & Practice 16(1), 45\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14649357.2014.1000950","DOI":"10.1080\/14649357.2014.1000950"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, C., Lamond, J., Dhonau, M., Joseph, R. & Proverbs, D., 2016, \u2018Improving the uptake of flood resilience at the individual property level\u2019, Flood Risk Management and Response 6(3), 153\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2495\/SAFE-V6-N3-607-615\/016","DOI":"10.2495\/SAFE-V6-N3-607-615"},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"Saldana, J., 2021, The coding manual for qualitative researchers, 4th edn., Sage, London."},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A., 2019, Research methods for business students, 7th edn., Pearson Education Limited, Essex."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayers, P., Yuanyuan, L., Galloway, G., Penning-Rowsell, E., Fuxin, S., Kang, W. et al., 2013, Flood risk management: A strategic approach, UNESCO, Paris.","DOI":"10.1201\/b13715-137"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekyi-Annan, E., Tischbein, B., Diekkr\u00fcger, B. & Khamzina, A., 2018, \u2018Performance evaluation of reservoir-based irrigation schemes in the Upper East region of Ghana\u2019, Agricultural Water Management 202, 134\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agwat.2018.02.023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2018.02.023"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, M.A.R., Rahman, A. & Chowdhury, S.H., 2018, \u2018Challenges for achieving sustainable flood risk management\u2019, Journal of Flood Risk Management 11, S352\u2013S358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfr3.12211","DOI":"10.1111\/jfr3.12211"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suriya, S. & Mudgal, B.V., 2012, \u2018Impact of urbanization on flooding: The Thirusoolam sub watershed \u2013 A case study\u2019, Journal of Hydrology 412, 210\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.05.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.05.008"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuffour, M., 2023, \u2018Urbanization, land scarcity and urban farmers\u2019 mobility: Evidence from Ghana\u2019, Journal of Regional and City Planning 34(1), 83\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5614\/jpwk.2023.34.1.5","DOI":"10.5614\/jpwk.2023.34.1.5"},{"key":"ref66","unstructured":"University of Ghana, 2020, Map of study area, Department of Geography and Resources Development, University of Ghana, Legon."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Honert, R.C. & McAneney, J., 2011, \u2018The 2011 Brisbane floods: Causes, impacts and implications\u2019, Water 3(4), 1149\u20131173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w3041149","DOI":"10.3390\/w3041149"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webber, J.L., Fletcher, T.D., Cunningham, L., Fu, G., Butler, D. & Burns, M.J., 2020, \u2018Is green infrastructure a viable strategy for managing urban surface water flooding?\u2019, Urban Water Journal 17(7), 598\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1573062X.2019.1700286","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2019.1700286"},{"key":"ref69","unstructured":"World Bank, 2019, World Bank supports Ghana to improve flood resilience for 2.5 million people. A press release, viewed 25 March 2021, from https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2019\/05\/29\/world-banksupports-ghana-to-improve-flood-resilience-for-25-million-people."},{"key":"ref70","unstructured":"World Wildlife International (WWF), 2001, Dams and Floods. Research-Paper, viewed 13 January 2021, from https:\/\/wwf.panda.org\/wwf_news\/?3658\/Dams-and-Floods-WWF-International."}],"container-title":["J\u00e0mb\u00e1: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamba.org.za\/index.php\/jamba\/article\/viewFile\/1476\/2872","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jamba.org.za\/index.php\/jamba\/article\/viewFile\/1476\/2873","content-type":"application\/epub+zip","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jamba.org.za\/index.php\/jamba\/article\/viewFile\/1476\/2874","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jamba.org.za\/index.php\/jamba\/article\/viewFile\/1476\/2875","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jamba.org.za\/index.php\/jamba\/article\/view\/1476\/2875","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T13:39:27Z","timestamp":1772026767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamba.org.za\/index.php\/jamba\/article\/view\/1476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jamba.v16i1.1476","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-845X","1996-1421"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-845X","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-1421","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"article-number":"a1476"}}