{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:16:10Z","timestamp":1785420970512,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the intersection of mobility, climate change adaptation and artificial intelligence (AI) in South Africa. As climate change impacts mobility patterns, South Africa needs effective adaptation strategies, especially to manage the mobility of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and prevent maladaptation. Artificial intelligence is used to improve lives and livelihoods in such situations, but it raises legal and policy questions. The objective of the article is to uncover the legal and policy implications of AI\u2019s role as a climate technology for adaptation amongst IDPs in South Africa. The article utilises a qualitative desk-based approach to analyse legal frameworks, literature, official records such as parliamentary transcripts, non-governmental organisations (NGO) reports and online repositories on IDPs\u2019 mobility patterns and adaptation, as well as the South African government\u2019s technological interventions to support better adaptation. The findings reveal that AI can improve the planning of IDPs\u2019 relocation. Its tools can improve needs assessment, resource allocation, protection services or infrastructure planning. However, South Africa\u2019s legal frameworks lack specific provisions on AI. Hence, regulations are needed to address AI\u2019s evolving role in climate adaptation in South Africa.\nContribution: The study concluded that with AI policies and laws, maladaptation associated with mobility can be mitigated in South Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/jamba.v18i1.2059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:24:51Z","timestamp":1779085491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mobility as climate change adaptation in South Africa: Exploring the legal and policy significance of artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1902-2344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Temitope A.","family":"Obisanya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0338xea48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Venda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2887-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ademola O.","family":"Jegede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0338xea48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Venda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeola, R., 2020, \u2018Xenophobia and internal displacement in Africa: Defining protection and assistance through the Kampala Convention\u2019, South African Journal of International Affairs 27(4), 493\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10220461.2020.1874502","DOI":"10.1080\/10220461.2020.1874502"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"African Union, 2009, African Union convention for the protection and assistance of internally displaced persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), Kampala, viewed 14 November 2025, from https:\/\/au.int\/sites\/default\/files\/treaties\/36846-treaty-kampala_convention.pdf."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"AllAfrica, 2025, South Africa: KZN is failing to build houses for thousands of flood victims, 04 September, viewed 10 November 2025, from https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/202509040090.html."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Zhong, X., Li, H., Wu, J., Lu, B., Chen, D. et al., 2024, \u2018A machine learning model that outperforms conventional global subseasonal forecast models\u2019, Nature Communications 15(1), 6425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-50714-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50714-1"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), 2014, Digital rights Ireland Ltd v Ireland and others, Joined Cases C\u2013293\/12 and C\u2013594\/12, Judgment of 08 April 2014."},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Cyanergy, 2024, Solar energy solutions for Australian households, Cyanergy Pty Ltd, Melbourne."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"D\u0105browska, M., 2024, \u2018Insights: Smart home technology saves money and helps protect the planet\u2019, IoTNOW, 22 April, viewed 27 April 2026, from https:\/\/www.iot-now.com\/2024\/04\/22\/134567-smart-home-technology-saves-money-and-helps-protect-the-planet."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalzochio, J., Kunst, R., Pignaton, E., Binotto, A., Sanyal, S., Favilla, J. et al., 2020, \u2018Machine learning and reasoning for predictive maintenance in Industry 4.0: Current status and challenges\u2019, Computers in Industry 123, 103298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compind.2020.103298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2020.103298"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Department of Communications and Digital Technologies (DCDT), (ed.), 2019, Official guide to South Africa: Communications, pp. 1\u201314, Government of South Africa, Pretoria."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Department of Health, 2022, Social cluster media briefing statement outlining the government\u2019s response to the disaster emanating from the floods in KwaZulu-Natal [press release], 28 April."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Fry, I., 2023, \u2018Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of climate change\u2019, Providing legal options to protect the human rights of persons displaced across international borders due to climate change, A\/HRC\/53\/34, UN Human Rights Council, 18 April, viewed 26 February 2026, from https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/reference\/themreport\/unhrc\/2023\/en\/124268."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garland, R.M., 2014, \u2018National policy response to climate change in South Africa\u2019, South African Medical Journal 104(8), 584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7196\/SAMJ.8605","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.8605"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Government Communication and Information System, 2024, Government intervening to fast-track flood relief efforts for displaced families [press release], 06 June."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jacob, D., Taylor, M., Bindi, M., Brown, S., Camilloni, I. et al., 2018, \u2018Impacts of 1.5\u00baC global warming on natural and human systems\u2019, in V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. P\u00f6rtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla et al. (eds.), Global warming of 1.5\u00b0C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty, pp. 175\u2013312, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), 2024, Displacement data, South Africa (Download dataset), Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva, viewed 27 April 2026, from https:\/\/www.internal-displacement.org\/database\/displacement-data."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), 2022, Anticipatory action: Using forecasts to prevent hazards from becoming disasters, viewed 11 November 2025, from https:\/\/www.ifrc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-02\/220203_IFRC_Anticipatory%20Action_Brochure_final.pdf."},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), 2023, IFRC annual report 2023, viewed 25 October 2024, from https:\/\/www.ifrc.org."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), 2024, IFRC at COP29: Everyone deserves ample warning before disasters strike, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva."},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), n.d., Early warning, early action, viewed 11 November 2025, from https:\/\/www.ifrc.org\/our-work\/disasters-climate-and-crises\/climate-smart-disaster-risk-reduction\/early-warning-early."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"International Justice Resource Center, 2020, New CESCR general comment 25 analyzes right to scientific progress, The International Justice Resource Center, viewed 14 November 2025, from https:\/\/ijrcenter.org\/2020\/04\/29\/new-cescr-general-comment-25-analyzes-right-to-scientific-progress\/."},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union (ITU), 2025, Early warnings for all initiative: Saving lives with mobile early warning systems, International Telecommunication Union, Geneva."},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"IPCC, 2014, \u2018Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability\u2019, Contribution of working group II to the Fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, viewed 27 April 2026, from https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar5\/wg2\/."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"IPCC, 2022, \u2018Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability\u2019, in H.-O. P\u00f6rtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegr\u00eda, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. L\u00f6schke, V. M\u00f6ller, A. Okem & B. Rama (eds.), Contribution of working group II to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, p. 3056, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"IPCC, 2023, \u2018Climate change 2023: Synthesis report\u2019, in Core Writing Team: H. Lee & J. Romero (eds.), Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, pp. 35\u2013115, IPCC, Geneva, viewed 27 April 2026, from https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/syr\/."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Johnston, P., Egbebiyi, T., Zvobgo, L., Omar, S., Cartwright, A. & Hewitson, B., 2024, Climate change impacts in South Africa: What climate change means for a country and its people, University of Cape Town, Cape Town."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00e4lin, W., 2023, Internal displacement and the law, Oxford University Press, Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192899316.001.0001"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaleel, M., Yusupov, Z., Alfalh, B., Guneser, M.T., Nassar, Y. & El-Khozondar, H., 2024, \u2018Impact of smart grid technologies on sustainable urban development\u2019, International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Sustainability 2(2), 62\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.65998\/ijees.v2i2.85","DOI":"10.65998\/ijees.v2i2.85"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Langrand, M., 2024, \u2018Between peril and promise: Using AI to predict human displacement\u2019, Geneva Solutions, Geneva, 10 July, viewed 27 April 2026, from https:\/\/www.genevasolutions.news\/environment\/between-peril-and-promise-using-ai-to-predict-human-displacement."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Ledwaba, K., 2022, Government prioritises women and persons with disabilities affected by the KZN floods, City Press, viewed 10 November 2025, from https:\/\/www.news24.com\/citypress\/news\/government-prioritises-women-and-persons-with-disabilities-affected-by-the-kzn-floods-20220428."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Lwabukuna, O.K., 2012, \u2018Internal displacement in South Africa: on law, contemporary and historical forced removals\u2019, Southern African Public Law 27(1), 210\u2013230."},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Macupe, B., 2022, Temporary homes to be built by end of the week for flood victims \u2013 Sihle Zikalala, City Press, viewed 10 November 2025, from https:\/\/www.news24.com\/citypress\/news\/temporary-homes-to-be-built-by-end-of-the-week-for-flood-victims-sihle-zikalala-20220424."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, S.F., 2017, \u2018Environmental change and human mobility: Trends, law and policy\u2019, Comparative Population Studies \u2013 Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Bev\u00f6lkerungswissenschaft 42, 187\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12765\/CPoS-2017-13","DOI":"10.12765\/CPoS-2017-13"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Matangira, L., 2022, Over 1,000 children affected by April floods receive play and learning materials, UNICEF South Africa, viewed 10 November 2025, from https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/southafrica\/press-releases\/over-1000-children-affected-april-floods-receive-play-and-learning-materials."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matikinca, P., Nyamakura, B. & Shackleton, S., 2024, \u2018Climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in South Africa\u2019s local municipal plans\u2019, South African Journal of Science 120(7\/8), 15797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17159\/sajs.2024\/15797","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2024\/15797"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Mazibuko, C., 2022, \u2018Life in a community hall is hard for victims of April floods\u2019, Independent Online (IOL), 05 September, viewed 27 April 2026, from https:\/\/www.iol.co.za\/news\/south-africa\/kwazulu-natal\/life-in-a-community-hall-is-hard-for-victims-of-april-floods."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ncube, M., Dube, E., Ngulube, N. & Sibanda, D., 2016, \u2018Climate change, household vulnerability and smart agriculture: The case of two South African provinces\u2019, J\u00e0mb\u00e1: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 8(2), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jamba.v8i2.182","DOI":"10.4102\/jamba.v8i2.182"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obisanya, T.A. & Jegede, A.O., 2025, Mobility as climate change adaptation in South Africa: Exploring the legal and policy significance of artificial intelligence, ResearchGate, viewed 12 March 2026, from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/390967006_Topic_Mobility_as_Climate_Change_Adaptation_in_South_Africa_Exploring_the_legal_and_policy_significance_of_Artificial_Intelligence.","DOI":"10.31223\/X5D729"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Olsson, L., Jerneck, A., Thoren, H., Persson, J. & O\u2019Byrne, D., 2019, \u2018Why resilience is unappealing to social science: Theoretical and empirical investigations of the scientific use of resilience\u2019, Science Advances 5(4), 0609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aav0609"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Parliamentary Monitoring Group, 2022, Recent floods: Ministers\u2019 input on government relief & recovery plans, Ad Hoc Joint Committee on Flood Disaster Relief and Recovery, viewed 26 February 2026, from https:\/\/pmg.org.za\/committee-meeting\/35010\/."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasp, S., Hoyer, S., Merose, A., Langmore, I., Battaglia, P., Russell, T. et al., 2024, \u2018WeatherBench 2: A benchmark for the next generation of data-driven global weather models\u2019, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 16(6), e2023MS004019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2023MS004019","DOI":"10.1029\/2023MS004019"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa, 1996, Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Government Printer, Pretoria."},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa, 2002, Disaster Management Act 57 of 2002, Government of South Africa, Pretoria, viewed 14 November 2025, from https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/disaster-management-act."},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa, 2011, National climate change response policy (White Paper), Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria, viewed 14 November 2025, from https:\/\/www.dffe.gov.za\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/research\/ccaq\/nationalclimatechange2011_responsewhitepaper.pdf."},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa, 2019, National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS), Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, Pretoria, viewed 14 November 2025, from https:\/\/www.dffe.gov.za\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/nationalclimatechange_adaptationstrategy_ue10november2019.pdf."},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"SABC, 2024, SA weather service calls for advanced early warning systems, South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), 28 August, viewed 27 April 2026, from https:\/\/www.sabcnews.com\/sabcnews\/sa-weather-service-calls-for-advanced-early-warning-systems."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakti, A.D., Mahdani, J.N., Santoso, C., Ihsan, K.T.N., Nastiti, A., Shabrina, Z. et al., 2023, \u2018Optimizing city-level centralized wastewater management system using machine learning and spatial network analysis\u2019, Environmental Technology & Innovation 32, 103360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103360"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"SAnews, 2022, \u2018Committee concludes oversight visit to KZN\u2019, South African Government News Agency, 25 August, viewed 27 April 2026, from https:\/\/www.sanews.gov.za\/south-africa\/committee-concludes-oversight-visit-kzn."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schipper, E.L.F., 2020, \u2018Maladaptation: When adaptation to climate change goes very wrong\u2019, One Earth 3(4), 409\u2013414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oneear.2020.09.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2020.09.014"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Shabbir, J. & Anwer, T., 2018, Artificial intelligence and its role in near future, arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.01396."},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"South African Weather Service (SAWS), 1994, CSIR and SA weather services partner, South African Weather Service (SAWS), Pretoria."},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"South African Weather Service (SAWS), 2020, Summary of the impact-based severe weather warning system, Forestry and Environmental Affairs (ed.), South African Weather Service (SAWS), Pretoria."},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"South African Weather Service (SAWS), 2023, Annual report 2022\/2023, South African Weather Service, SAWS, Pretoria."},{"key":"ref52","unstructured":"Sussman, C.M., 2024, \u2018The missing refuge for \u201cClimate Refugees\u201d in the international legal framework: A dialogue with Caitlan M. Sussman\u2019, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 25(1), 29\u201335, viewed 01 November 2025, from https:\/\/gjia.georgetown.edu\/2024\/09\/21\/the-missing-refuge-for-climate-refugees-in-the-international-legal-framework-a-dialogue-with-caitlan-m-sussman\/."},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"The Presidency, 2022, President Cyril Ramaphosa: Declaration of a national state of disaster to respond to widespread flooding [press release], 18 April."},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"TimesLIVE, 2024, \u2018Help for 1,200 Tongaat residents hit by tornado\u2019, TimesLIVE, 03 June, viewed 27 April 2026, from https:\/\/www.timeslive.co.za\/news\/south-africa\/2024-06-03-help-for-1200-tongaat-residents-hit-by-tornado\/."},{"key":"ref55","unstructured":"UNFCCC, 2024, Technical guide on integrating human mobility and climate change linkages into relevant national climate change planning processes, viewed 11 November 2025, from https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/WIM_ExCom_human-mobility_TFD_2024.pdf."},{"key":"ref56","unstructured":"United Nations (UN), 2015, Paris agreement, United Nations, New York, NY, viewed 27 April 2026, from https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/english_paris_agreement.pdf."},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"United Nations Climate Change (UNCC), 2024, COP 28: What was achieved and what happens next? Key highlights from COP 28, UN Climate Change Secretariat, Bonn, viewed 27 April 2026, from https:\/\/unfccc.int\/news\/cop-28-what-was-achieved-and-what-happens-next-key-highlights-from-cop-28."},{"key":"ref58","unstructured":"United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), 2020, General Comment No. 25 on science and economic, social and cultural rights (Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), UN Doc. E\/C.12\/GC\/25, 30 April, United Nations, Geneva."},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2023, Adaptation gap report 2023: Underfinanced. Underprepared. Inadequate investment and planning on climate adaptation leaves world exposed, pp. 1\u201388, A. Olhoff & P.C.C. Westermeyer (eds.), United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, viewed 27 April 2026, from https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/adaptation-gap-report-2023."},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UN Doc. FCCC\/INFORMAL\/84, 9 May, UNFCCC Secretariat, Bonn."},{"key":"ref61","unstructured":"United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), 2022, Early warnings for all (EW4All), United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva."},{"key":"ref62","unstructured":"United Nations, 2023, Early Warnings for All: Executive Action Plan 2023\u20132027, United Nations, Geneva."},{"key":"ref63","unstructured":"World Economic Forum, 2022, Emerging technologies: How AI can help us better prepare for climate migration [press release], 10 November."},{"key":"ref64","unstructured":"World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2023, Early warnings for all: Executive Action Plan 2023\u20132027, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva."},{"key":"ref65","unstructured":"Yusha, Z., 2024, \u2018China\u2019s AI weather forecasting model front\u2013runner worldwide\u2019, Global Times, 11 January, viewed 27 April 2026, from https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/page\/202401\/1305678.shtml."},{"key":"ref66","unstructured":"Zaal, N., 2024, \u2018Western Cape may close up to 53 schools due to severe weather, 5 000 displaced\u2019, Citizen Watch, 10 July, viewed 27 April 2026, from https:\/\/www.citizen.co.za\/news\/south-africa\/weather\/western-cape-may-close-up-to-53-schools-due-to-severe-weather-5000-displaced\/."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zickgraf, C., 2021, \u2018Theorizing (im)mobility in the face of environmental change\u2019, Regional Environmental Change 21(4), 126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10113-021-01839-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-021-01839-2"}],"container-title":["J\u00e0mb\u00e1 Journal of Disaster Risk Studies"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:25:12Z","timestamp":1779085512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamba.org.za\/index.php\/jamba\/article\/view\/2059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jamba.v18i1.2059","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-845X","1996-1421"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-845X","type":"print"},{"value":"1996-1421","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"article-number":"a2059"}}