{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:01:23Z","timestamp":1790323283972,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite considerable progress in cyclone monitoring, early warning dissemination, evacuation planning and strengthening community confidence in alerts, one unresolved issue remains: why many residents opt not to evacuate during life-threatening events. A wide body of research has explored the factors influencing the hesitation of Bangladesh\u2019s coastal communities to seek refuge in cyclone shelters during emergencies. Drawing on primary data obtained through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), participant observation and field visits, this study examines residents\u2019 choices of shelter during recent cyclones in Bangladesh. In addition, it highlights a community-driven proposal for a sustainable solution. The study reveals a significant improvement in public trust towards cyclone warnings in Bangladesh, with confidence levels increasing from 56% during the 1991 cyclone to 96% by the time of Cyclone Amphan in 2020. The main reasons people choose not to evacuate during cyclones include the presence of stronger housing, worries about conditions in public shelters, the need to protect livelihoods and belongings, limited transport and logistical barriers, personal perceptions and attitudes, and issues related to the nature of cyclone warnings.\nContribution: This study investigates the underlying reasons for residents\u2019 reluctance to evacuate, focusing on their tendency to remain at home or move to nearby durable buildings. Such avoidance of cyclone shelters, even after warnings, underscores the urgency of developing community-based housing and shelter systems with disaster resilience. We recommend a housing model that addresses essential needs while aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals 2015\u20132030 (SDGs 3, 6, 7, and 13).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/jamba.v18i1.2081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T07:22:10Z","timestamp":1790320930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-evacuation to cyclone shelters and the imperative of implementing disaster-resilient community-based housing and shelter plans"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7303-9625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edris","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ap92826","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Rabdan Academy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acero, B., Diaz, R. & Behr, J.G., 2023, \u2018Flooding perception and its impact on hurricane evacuation intentions\u2019, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 95, 103892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.103892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.103892"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahsan, M.N., Khatun, A., Islam, M.S., Vink, K., Ohara, M. & Fakhruddin, B.S.H.M., 2020, \u2018Preferences for improved early warning services among coastal communities at risk in cyclone prone south-west region of Bangladesh\u2019, Progress in Disaster Science 5, 100065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdisas.2020.100065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdisas.2020.100065"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahsan, M.N., Takeuchi, K., Vink, K. & Warner, J., 2016, \u2018Factors affecting the evacuation decisions of coastal households during Cyclone Aila in Bangladesh\u2019, Environmental Hazards 15(1), 16\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17477891.2015.1114912","DOI":"10.1080\/17477891.2015.1114912"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, E. & Collins, A.E., 2010, \u2018Cyclone disaster vulnerability and response experiences in coastal Bangladesh\u2019, Disasters 34(4), 931\u2013954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2010.01176.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2010.01176.x"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Alam, E., 2003, \u2018Post cyclone adjustment process: Basic needs perspective\u2019, Oriental Geographer 47(2), 47\u201360."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, E., 2023, \u2018Factors of cyclone disaster deaths in coastal Bangladesh\u2019, Heliyon 9(7), e18417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18417"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, E., 2024, \u2018Reasons for non-evacuation and shelter-seeking behaviour of local population following cyclone warnings along the Bangladesh coast\u2019, Progress in Disaster Science 21, 100307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdisas.2023.100307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdisas.2023.100307"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, E., Collins, A.E., Islam, A.R.M.T., Paul, A. & Islam, M.K., 2024, \u2018Change in cyclone disaster vulnerability and response in coastal Bangladesh\u2019, Disasters 48(2), e12608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/disa.12608","DOI":"10.1111\/disa.12608"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, M.S., Chakraborty, T., Hossain, M.Z. & Rahaman, K.R., 2023, \u2018Evacuation dilemmas of coastal households during cyclone Amphan and amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: A study of the Southwestern region of Bangladesh\u2019, Natural Hazards 115(1), 507\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11069-022-05564-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-022-05564-9"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakhshian, E. & Martinez-Pastor, B., 2023, \u2018Evaluating human behaviour during a disaster evacuation process: A literature review\u2019, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 10(4), 485\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtte.2023.04.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtte.2023.04.002"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), 2017, Scientific report on cyclone \u2018MORA\u2019, BMD, Dhaka."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakma, S. & Hokugo, A., 2020, \u2018Evacuation behavior: Why do some people never evacuate to a cyclone shelter during an emergency? 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