{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T17:13:51Z","timestamp":1776100431710,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sanitation related diseases have become endemic in southern Africa resulting in increased sanitation and hygiene morbidity and mortality. The region has experienced 318 400 cases of cholera and diarrhoea outbreaks between 2006 and 2012. There is insufficient financing for sanitation and hygiene activities, as people lack basic sanitation services, they engage in open defecation, the primary cause of faecal oral disease transmission. This study investigated Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), subsidy free, community based disaster risk reduction approach, for open defecation reduction, in four constituencies in Swaziland. Data collected from households, through a knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) survey illustrated that with appropriate training, involvement of traditional and community leaders, CLTS minimises open defecation. There is need of participatory rural appraisal through regular community monitoring and feedback meetings, as the disgust generated especially for women and youth, through the meetings, as well as group dynamics, steer the sustained construction and use of sanitation facilities. Lack of coordination between Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) leads to slow improvement of sanitation coverage, wherein the same communities are promoting CLTS and others are promoting Subsidy Based Sanitation Intervention (SBSI) which involves subsidies. It is recommended that there be coordination between partners for harmonisation of messages and an integration of the CLTS and SBSI approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/jamba.v8i2.183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]],"date-time":"2016-01-13T09:24:10Z","timestamp":1452677050000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Community led total sanitation for community based disaster risk reduction: A case for non-input humanitarian relief"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Mlenga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yemane A.","family":"Baraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhd.v18i1.9864"},{"key":"ref0002","author":"Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG)","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child causes of death annual estimates, 2012"},{"key":"ref0003","author":"Frias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opportunities to improve sanitation: Situation assessment of sanitation in rural East Java, Indonesia"},{"key":"ref0004","author":"Harvey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parallels between self supply and CLTS: Lessons from Zambia"},{"key":"ref0005","author":"Institute of Development Studies (IDS)","year":"2009","journal-title":"Beyond subsidies \u2013 Triggering a revolution in rural sanitation"},{"key":"ref0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.04.036"},{"key":"ref0007","author":"Kar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Subsidy or self-respect? Community led total sanitation, an update on recent developments"},{"key":"ref0008","author":"Mukwaya","year":"1998","journal-title":"Community use of pitlatrines in Mubende District"},{"key":"ref0009","author":"Swaziland Annual Vulnerability Assessment Committee (SVAC)","year":"2013","journal-title":"Swaziland national vulnerability assessment report"},{"key":"ref0010","author":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF)","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done"},{"key":"ref0011","author":"United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)","year":"2006a","journal-title":"Guide to community-based disaster risk reduction in central Asia"},{"key":"ref0012","author":"United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)","year":"2006b","journal-title":"United Nations, Hyogo framework for action 2005\u20132015: Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters"},{"key":"ref0013","author":"Water Aid","year":"2014","journal-title":"From promise to reality: The urgent need for Southern African leaders to deliver their water, sanitation and hygiene commitments"},{"key":"ref0014","author":"World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF)","year":"2014","journal-title":"Progress on sanitation and drinking-water"},{"key":"ref0015","author":"Water and Sanitation Program (WSP)","year":"2005","journal-title":"Private sector sanitation delivery in Vietnam harnessing market power for rural sanitation, making sanitation attractive and accessible for the rural poor"},{"key":"ref0016","author":"Water and Sanitation Program (WSP)","year":"2007","journal-title":"Community-led total sanitation in rural areas. An approach that works"},{"key":"ref0017","author":"Water and Sanitation Program (WSP)","year":"2010","journal-title":"Documentation of CLTS experiences with ASNANI in Nampula Province"}],"container-title":["J\u00e0mb\u00e1: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jamba.org.za\/index.php\/jamba\/article\/viewFile\/183\/383","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]],"date-time":"2017-08-04T06:40:03Z","timestamp":1501828803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jamba.org.za\/index.php\/jamba\/article\/view\/183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jamba.v8i2.183","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-845X","1996-1421"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-845X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1996-1421","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]]}}}