{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T07:29:41Z","timestamp":1786692581436,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Interventional radiology (IR) is an important component of radiology practice in South Africa (SA). However, there is no standard national IR curriculum. Little is known about IR teaching across SA\u2019s nine medical schools, of which six offer a 4-year and three offer a 5-year postgraduate radiology training programme. The study assessed procedural performance scope among SA postgraduate radiology trainees across key IR procedures.\nMethods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study evaluated candidates who completed SA postgraduate radiology training and sat the final FC Rad Diag(SA) examination (2020\u20132024). Respondents reported practical performance across 14 image-guided procedures (ultrasound [US] = 4; US + fluoroscopy [US + F] = 5; computed tomography (CT) = 3; fluoroscopy with digital subtraction angiography [F + DSA] = 2). Descriptive statistics were generated overall, by modality and by training period.\nResults: A total of 38 candidates responded. Four (11%) performed all, and one (3%) just two procedures. Experience varied widely (average eight procedures); 47% (n = 18) performed \u2264 7. Overall performance rates by modality were: US-guided 91%, US + F 49%, CT-guided 41%, and F + DSA 41%. The 4-year (n = 17; mean = 7) and 5-year programmes (n = 21; mean = 9) afforded similar rates for US-guided procedures (90% vs. 92%). In contrast, 5-year programmes showed higher rates for US + F (62% vs. 34%), CT-guided (57% vs. 22%), and F + DSA (45% vs. 35%).\nConclusion: The marked disparity in exposure to IR procedures among SA general radiology trainees underscores the need for standardised IR training.\nContribution: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to document the procedural scope of IR training in SA. As such, it provides unique insights that can inform curriculum development and workplace-based assessments across the radiology teaching platform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/jcmsa.v4i1.374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T06:55:47Z","timestamp":1786690547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The scope of interventional radiology training for South African radiology registrars"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0124-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zainul-abidin","family":"Shaik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bk57929","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stellenbosch University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5457-2088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuf","family":"Parak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bk57929","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stellenbosch University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9096-3622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bk57929","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stellenbosch University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3910-0749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard D.","family":"Pitcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bk57929","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stellenbosch University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bold B, Mishig A, Dashjamts T, et al. Academic future of interventional radiology subspecialty: Are we giving enough space to radiology trainees? Med Sci Educ. 2023;33(1):173\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40670-023-01733-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-023-01733-y"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seldinger S. Catheter replacement of the needle in percutaneous arteriography: A new technique. Acta Radiol (Stockh). 1953;39(5):368\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016925309136722","DOI":"10.3109\/00016925309136722"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dotter CT, Judkins MP. Transluminal treatment of arteriosclerotic obstruction: Description of a new technic and a preliminary report of its application. Circulation. 1964;30:654\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.30.5.654","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.30.5.654"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy TP, Soares GM. The evolution of interventional radiology. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2005;22(1):6\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2005-869570","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-869570"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feld R, Kurtz AB, Zeman RK. Imaging the gallbladder: A historical perspective. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;156(4):737\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.156.4.2003437","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.156.4.2003437"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Young M, Leslie SW. Percutaneous nephrostomy [homepage on the Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, Florida; 2025 [cited 2026 Jun 07]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK493205\/"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGahan JP. The history of interventional ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med. 2004;23(6):727\u2013741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7863\/jum.2004.23.6.727","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2004.23.6.727"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saad WE. The history and future of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: Food for thought. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2014;31(3):258\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0034-1382794","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1382794"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roman A, Achimas-Cadariu P, Fetica B, Gata V, Seicean A. CT-guided procedures: An initial experience. Clujul Med. 2018;91(4):427\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15386\/cjmed-1145","DOI":"10.15386\/cjmed-1145"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan R, Haslam P, McCafferty I, et al. Provision of interventional radiology services 2023. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2024;47:3\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00270-023-03600-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-023-03597-6"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamada N, Fujimichi Y. Classification of radiation effects for dose limitation purposes: History, current situation and future prospects. J Radiat Res. 2014;55(4):629\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jrr\/rru019","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rru019"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlson SK, Bender CE, Classic KL, et al. Benefits and safety of CT fluoroscopy in interventional radiologic procedures. Radiology. 2001;219(2):515\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.219.2.r01ma41515","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.219.2.r01ma41515"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faulkner K, Va\u00f1\u00f3 E. Deterministic effects in interventional radiology. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2001;94(1\u20132):95\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006489","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006489"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal I, Ojha U. Training in interventional radiology: A simulation-based approach. J Med Educ Curric Dev. 2020;7:2382120520912744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2382120520912744","DOI":"10.1177\/2382120520912744"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenney AS, Garg T, Kim E, Kesselman A. Addressing global radiology disparities: Increasing access to interventional radiology education. Radiographics. 2021;41(5):E142\u2013E144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.2021210176","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2021210176"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamil H, Tariq W, Ameer MA, et al. Interventional radiology in low- and middle-income countries. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022;77:103594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103594"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam A, Kenny L. Interventional radiology should establish its own identity it should be a primary specialty separate from diagnostic radiology. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2024;47:287\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00270-023-03643-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-023-03643-3"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Clinical radiology specialty training curriculum [homepage on the Internet]. The Royal College of Radiologists. London; 2023 [cited 2026 Jun 07]. Available from: https:\/\/www.rcr.ac.uk\/media\/cupfjubc\/rcr-curriculum_clinical_radiology_curriculum_update_15_may_2023.pdf"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CIRSE Standards of Practice Committee. CIRSE clinical practice manual. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2021;44:1323\u20131353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00270-021-02904-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-021-02904-3"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Clinical radiology training program handbook [homepage on the Internet]. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists. Sydney; 2023 [cited 2026 Jun 07]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ranzcr.com\/doclink\/clinical-radiology-training-program-handbook\/eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJjbGluaWNhbC1yYWRpb2xvZ3ktdHJhaW5pbmctcHJvZ3JhbS1oYW5kYm9vayIsImlhdCI6MTY5MDQxMzM5MSwiZXhwIjoxNjkwNDk5NzkxfQ.sef42rPT2RLi2QLc2G3zAUrNWx7YFTLTeaFn2h4kwe0"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Clinical radiology curriculum learning outcomes [homepage on the Internet]. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists. Sydney; 2023 [cited 2026 Jun 07]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ranzcr.com\/doclink\/ranzcr-cr-learning-outcomes\/eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJyYW56Y3ItY3ItbGVhcm5pbmctb3V0Y29tZXMiLCJpYXQiOjE2Mzk0NTIxNjYsImV4cCI6MTYzOTUzODU2Nn0.ofkkUMindcQ5U8v8tFIO4-vWtaYuWpocuxRjD-idXjs"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"University of Virginia Department of Radiology. Resident core curriculum: Interventional radiology rotation one [homepage on the Internet]. Charlottesville (VA): University of Virginia; 2023 [cited 2026 Jun 07]. Available from: https:\/\/med.virginia.edu\/radiology\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/191\/2023\/09\/IR-Rotations-1-2.pdf"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isupov I, McInnes MD, Hamstra SJ, et al. Development of RAD-score: A tool to assess the procedural competence of diagnostic radiology residents. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017;208(4):820\u2013826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.16.17173","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.17173"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Diagnostic Radiology Case log categories and required minimum numbers [homepage on the Internet]. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), Chicago; 2026. [cited 2026 Jun 07]. Available from: https:\/\/www.acgme.org\/globalassets\/PFAssets\/ProgramResources\/DR_Case_Log_Categories.pdf"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Case log information for radiology programs [homepage on the Internet]. ACGME, Chicago; 2021 [cited 2026 Jun 07]. Available from: https:\/\/www.acgme-i.org\/globalassets\/acgme-international\/specialties\/diagnosticradiology\/420.radiology.case_log_information.pdf"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Supplemental guide: Diagnostic radiology [homepage on the Internet]. ACGME, Chicago; 2019 [cited 2026 Jun 07]. Available from: https:\/\/www.acgme.org\/globalassets\/pdfs\/milestones\/diagnosticradiologysupplementalguide.pdf"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slave O, Mahomed N. An audit of patient radiation doses in interventional radiology at a South African hospital. SA J Radiol. 2023;27(1):a2559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajr.v27i1.2559","DOI":"10.4102\/sajr.v27i1.2559"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malan L, Pitcher RD, Silva M, Breuninger S, Groenewald W. Diagnostic reference levels for fluoroscopically guided procedures in a South African tertiary hospital. Acta Radiol. 2021;62(6):807\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0284185120938371","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185120938371"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raissi D, Allen B, Tomsick T, Moak J. Procedural competency training during diagnostic radiology residency: Time to go beyond \u2018see one, do one, teach one\u2019! Int J Acad Med. 2018;4(1):50\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/IJAM.IJAM_70_17","DOI":"10.4103\/IJAM.IJAM_70_17"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tariq M, Motiwala A, Ali SA, Riaz M, Awan S, Akhter J. Optimum number of procedures required to achieve procedural skills competency in internal medicine residents. BMC Med Educ. 2015;15:179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-015-0457-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-015-0457-4"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukund A, Bhardwaj K, Mohan C. Basic interventional procedures: Practice essentials. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2019;29(2):182\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijri.IJRI_96_19","DOI":"10.4103\/ijri.IJRI_96_19"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Leeuw RM, Lombarts KM, Arah OA, Heineman MJ. A systematic review of the effects of residency training on patient outcomes. BMC Med. 2012;10:65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7015-10-65","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-65"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puljak L. Impact of extended course duration and stricter study organization on attrition and academic performance of medical students. Croat Med J. 2013;54(2):192\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3325\/cmj.2013.54.192","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2013.54.192"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramoolla B, Haar G, Luke A, King R, Jacob N, Luke B. Medical internship training in South Africa: Reflections on the new training model 2020\u20132021. S Afr Med J. 2023;113(5):1195\u20131198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7196\/SAMJ.2023.v113i5.16784","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2023.v113i5.16784"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrence C, Bollinger J, Stewart KA, Moshabela M. Improving South African medical curricula related to traditional health systems. Afr J Health Prof Educ. 2021;13(2):145\u2013149. [cited 2025 Dec 15]. Available from: https:\/\/scielo.org.za\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2078-51272021000200011","DOI":"10.7196\/AJHPE.2021.v13i2.1246"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wild D, Nawaz H, Ullah S. Teaching residents to put patients first: Creation and evaluation of a comprehensive curriculum in patient-centred communication. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18(1):266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-018-1371-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1371-3"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pattinson S, Mcinerney P. Perceptions of changes made to a clinical skills curriculum in a medical programme in South Africa: A mixed methods study. Afr J Health Prof Educ. 2020;12(1):12\u201316. [cited 2025 Dec 15]. Available from: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10520\/EJC-1e242241ba","DOI":"10.7196\/AJHPE.2020.v12i1.1220"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyawe EP, Idowu BM, Omoleye OJ. Radiology subspecialisation in Africa: A review of the current status. S Afr J Radiol. 2021;25(1):a2168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajr.v25i1.2168","DOI":"10.4102\/sajr.v25i1.2168"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Colleges of Medicine of South Africa"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jcmsa.org.za\/index.php\/jcmsa\/article\/view\/374\/1207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T06:55:57Z","timestamp":1786690557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcmsa.org.za\/index.php\/jcmsa\/article\/view\/374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jcmsa.v4i1.374","relation":{},"ISSN":["3105-4331","2960-110X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3105-4331","type":"print"},{"value":"2960-110X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"article-number":"a374"}}