{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:57:52Z","timestamp":1785437872439,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Kenya has recorded at least 38 678 cases and 695 deaths over the last decade, and costing on average $2.2 million annually. From 2014 to 2016, the country experienced one of the deadliest and largest outbreak. However, between 2017 and 2020, there was a decline in the number of reported cases and deaths.\n\nAim:\u00a0This study seeks to reveal the investments made post the 2014\u20132016 outbreak and highlight existing gaps that need to be addressed to stop the resurgence of cholera outbreaks in Kenya.\n\nSetting:\u00a0The study was conducted in two counties: Homabay and Nairobi.\n\nMethods:\u00a0We used an observational study. Data were collected from 20 health facilities (involved in cholera control, during the study), 9 key informant interviews (KII) and 6 focus group discussions (FGDs).\n\nResults:\u00a0We found improvement such as: dissemination of standard operating procedures, aligned reporting system, field epidemiology programme, establishment of a public health emergency operating centre and improved partner coordination. On the other hand, 12 of the selected 20 (60%) facilities had no prior training before government financing and laboratory capacity was sub-optimal: 13 (65%) facilities had no prior training, 16 (20%) had no operational laboratory plan and 10 (50%) had inadequate laboratory test kits and reagents.\n\nConclusion:\u00a0This study highlights that Kenya has experienced an improvement in specific core capacities.\n\nContribution:\u00a0For Kenya to completely flatten the curve, there is need for more sustainable investment and government\u2019s commitment in health system strengthening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/jphia.v15i1.741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T09:03:13Z","timestamp":1733475793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improved cholera control in Kenya: A retrospective analysis of 2017\u20132019 in Nairobi and Homabay"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0459-7006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyeng","family":"Mercy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y9nww90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Nairobi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8711-2579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganesh","family":"Pokhariyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y9nww90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Nairobi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3404-0663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noah T.","family":"Fongwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01d9dbd65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9498-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicaise","family":"Ndembi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01d9dbd65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0958-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Kivuti-Bitok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y9nww90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Nairobi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"Republic of Kenya Ministry of Health. National Multi-Sectoral Cholera Elimination Plan (NMCEP). 2022\u20132030. [homepage on the Internet]. 2017 [cited 2024 Apr 17]. Available from: https:\/\/www.gtfcc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/national-cholera-plan-kenya.pdf"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganesan D, Gupta S, Legros D. Cholera surveillance and estimation of burden of cholera. Vaccine. 2020;38(Suppl 1):A13\u2013A17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.036"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"World Bank. Republic of Kenya. Kenya loses KES27 billion annually because of poor sanitation, Washington DC, World Bank; 2012."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Kenya Ministry of Health. National Multi-sectoral Cholera Elimination Plan(NMCEP) [homepage on the Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 May 8]. 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A united call for new public health order for Africa: The inaugural International Conference on Public Health in Africa (CPHIA 2021). J Public Health Africa. 2023;14(4):2022\u20132023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphia.2023.2702","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2023.2702"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ontweka LN, Deng LO, Rauzier J, et al. Cholera rapid test with enrichment step has diagnostic performance equivalent to culture. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0168257","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168257"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debes AK, Murt KN, Waswa E, et al. Laboratory and field evaluation of the crystal vc-o1 cholera rapid diagnostic test. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;104(6):2017\u20132023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1280","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1280"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baye T, Taame H, Raji T. 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Staying ahead of the curve: Challenges and opportunities for future spending on health in Kenya. 2022."}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health in Africa"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealthinafrica.org\/index.php\/jphia\/article\/viewFile\/741\/html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealthinafrica.org\/index.php\/jphia\/article\/viewFile\/741\/epub","content-type":"application\/epub+zip","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealthinafrica.org\/index.php\/jphia\/article\/viewFile\/741\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealthinafrica.org\/index.php\/jphia\/article\/viewFile\/741\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealthinafrica.org\/index.php\/jphia\/article\/view\/741\/829","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T13:22:08Z","timestamp":1781097728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealthinafrica.org\/index.php\/jphia\/article\/view\/741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jphia.v15i1.741","relation":{},"ISSN":["2038-9922","2038-9930"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2038-9922","type":"print"},{"value":"2038-9930","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"article-number":"a741"}}