{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:31:38Z","timestamp":1785411098770,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"AOSIS","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPHIA"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Public health challenges in Africa stem from a complex interplay of individual, environmental, socio-cultural, and health-system factors, requiring integrated, interdisciplinary approaches to enhance healthcare systems.\nAim:\u00a0This study synthesised evidence from interdisciplinary presentations at the 2025 African Voices for Research Virtual Conference to address public health challenges.\nSetting:\u00a0The study was based on abstracts presented in sessions of the 2025 African Voices for Research Virtual Conference.\nMethods:\u00a0An editorial narrative synthesis of all submitted abstracts was conducted. ChatGPT(OpenAI), supported the identification of patterns and themes, which were validated by the research team. Themes were grouped into broader categories reflecting major public health issues and potential solutions.\nResults:\u00a0The study showed how healthcare access, education, environmental justice, gender equity and innovation intersect in advancing Universal Health Coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals. Using Social Determinants of Health and One Health perspectives, the findings showed how infrastructural gaps, financial barriers and limited health literacy drive unequal health outcomes. Case studies on maternal health and environmental exposures highlighted the influence of socio-economic inequality and structural violence on population well-being. Gender disparities were prominent, especially among rural women facing political exclusion, violence and restricted access to care. Innovation in healthcare delivery, especially AI-enabled tools and diagnostic platforms such as GeneXpert, was recognised for its potential to strengthen health-system resilience.\nConclusion:\u00a0This study offers an overview of emerging research themes from the conference and provides insight into future research priorities.\nContribution:\u00a0This research highlights how healthcare access, environmental and gender inequities, and technological innovation shape population health across Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/jphia.v16i4.1506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T09:09:48Z","timestamp":1765184988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interdisciplinary insights into public health challenges: A synthesis of research presented at the 2025 African Voices for Research Virtual Conference"],"prefix":"10.4102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8951-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qudus O.","family":"Lawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006pw7k84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Ambrose Alli University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8109-3290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluyemisi","family":"Olagunju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04snhqa82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Obafemi Awolowo University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5658-9569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dooshima D.","family":"Gbahabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rk03822","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Lagos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5530-5467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Obehi","family":"Osadolor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05fx5mz56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9080-9362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry O.","family":"Chukwudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/005bw2d06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Port Harcourt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9482-4032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth O.","family":"Omotola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05adhha17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Tai Solarin University of Education"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5994-8651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiana T.","family":"Ekanade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z5qa52","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Lead City University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2446-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olabinri P.","family":"Folashade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043hyzt56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Ladoke Akintola University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9851-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talatu R.","family":"Ndagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049pzty39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Bayero University Kano"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5061-4137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary O.","family":"Adetula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04snhqa82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Obafemi Awolowo University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2538-6562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miracle C.","family":"Okeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041q3q398","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4256-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayobami O.","family":"Adeagbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2451-7277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael O.","family":"Oduyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00d1mx684","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Chrisland University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7770-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larry","family":"Ng\u2019andu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7031-3406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toluwalase S.","family":"Adekoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01za8fg18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Lagos State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Funmilayo G.","family":"Adebiyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wx2rr30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Ibadan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2182-6846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther O.","family":"Israel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009drq556","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Bells University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6358-2283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Comfort O.","family":"Akanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05jt4c572","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Olabisi Onabanjo University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9008-7730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morenike O.","family":"Folayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04e27p903","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Adekunle Ajasin University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"Orach CG. Health equity: Challenges in low income countries. Afr Health Sci. 2009;9(Suppl 2):S49\u2013S51."},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nutley S, Walter I, Davies HT. Using evidence: How research can inform public services. Bristol: Policy Press; 2007.","DOI":"10.56687\/9781847422323"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanderson I. Evaluation, policy learning and evidence-based policy making. Public Adm. 2002;80(1):1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9299.00292","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9299.00292"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kay A. Evidence-based policy-making: The elusive search for rational public administration. Aust J Public Admin. 2011;70(3):236\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8500.2011.00728.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8500.2011.00728.x"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World report on knowledge for better health: Strengthening health systems [homepage on the Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2004 [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/rpc\/meetings\/world_report_on_knowledge_for_better_health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Travis P, Bennett S, Haines A, Pang T, Bhutta Z, Hyder AA. Overcoming health-systems constraints to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Lancet. 2004;364:900\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16987-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16987-0"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Report on meeting on health systems strengthening and primary health care. Report Series No. RS\/2008\/GE\/35 (PHL). Regional Office for the Western Pacific Manila. Philippines: WHO; 2008."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koon A, Windmeyer L, Bigdeli M, Charles J, El Jardali F, Uneke J. A scoping review of the uses and institutionalisation of knowledge for health policy in low- and middle-income countries. Health Res Policy Syst. 2020;18(1):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12961-019-0522-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-019-0522-2"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Haines A, Kuruvilla S, Borchert M. Bridging the implementation gap between knowledge and action for health. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82(10):724\u2013731."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"OpenAI. ChatGPT [homepage on the Internet]. San Francisco, CA: OpenAI; 2025 [cited 2025 Sept 19]. Available from: https:\/\/chat.openai.com\/"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Berkman N, Sheridan S, Donahue K. Health literacy interventions and outcomes: An updated systematic review. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2011;199:1\u2013941."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haun JN, Patel NR, French DD, Campbell RR, Bradham DD, Lapcevic WA. Association between health literacy and medical care costs in an integrated healthcare system: A regional population based study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-015-0887-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-0887-z"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawe P, Noort M, King L, Jordens C. Multiplying health gains: The critical role of capacity-building within public health programs. Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 1997;39:29\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-8510(96)00847-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8510(96)00847-0"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Riley WJ. Health disparities: Gaps in access, quality and affordability of medical care. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2012;123:167\u2013172."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy H, Janke A. Health literacy and access to care. J Health Commun. 2016;21 Suppl 1:43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10810730.2015.1131776","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2015.1131776"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Out E. Geographical access to healthcare services in Nigeria: A review. Int J Integr Human. 2018;10(1):17\u201326."},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Gregory PF. Understanding the influence of cultural norms on diagnosis and treatment: The crucial role of ethnographic research in biopharmaceutical development. Intergov Res Policy J. 2023;2023:1\u20138."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodd S, Widnall E, Russell AE. School-based peer education interventions to improve health: A global systematic review of effectiveness. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:2247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-14688-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14688-3"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Bedri Z, De Fr\u00e9in R, Dowling G. Community-based learning: A primer. Irish J Acad Pract. 2017;6(1):5."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorensen G, McLellan D, Sabbath E, et al. Integrating worksite health protection and health promotion: A conceptual model for intervention and research. Prev Med. 2016;91:188\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.08.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.08.005"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal A, Aamir A, Hammad A, et al. Immersive technologies in healthcare: An in-depth exploration of virtual reality and augmented reality in enhancing patient care, medical education, and training paradigms. J Prim Care Community Health. 2024;15:21501319241293311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21501319241293311","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319241293311"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Everybody business: Strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHO\u2019s framework for action. Geneva: WHO; 2007."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunningham R, Polomano R, Wood R, Aysola J. Health systems and health equity: Advancing the agenda. Nurs Outlook. 2022;70(6 Suppl 1):S66\u2013S76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.outlook.2022.05.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2022.05.010"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Sustainable funding remains a pressing public health concern [homepage on the Internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/initiatives\/sdg3-global-action-plan\/accelerator-discussion-frames\/sustainable-financing-for-health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kishore MJ. E-waste management: As a challenge to public health in India. Indian J Community Med. 2010;35(3):382\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0970-0218.69251","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.69251"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouabo R, Ogundiran M, Sangodoyin A, Babalola BA. Ecological risk and human health implications of heavy metals contamination of surface soil in e-waste recycling sites in Douala, Cameroun. J Health Pollut. 2019;9(21):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5696\/2156-9614-9.21.190310","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-9.21.190310"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang K, Qian J, Liu L. Understanding environmental pollutions of informal e-waste clustering in global south via multi-scalar regulatory frameworks: A case study of Guiyu town, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8): 2802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17082802","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082802"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain MS, Al-Hamadani SM, Rahman TM. E-waste: A challenge for sustainable development. J Health Pollut. 2015;5(9):3\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5696\/2156-9614-5-9.3","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-5-9.3"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitehead M, Dahlgren G, Evans T. Equity and health sector reforms: Can low-income countries escape the medical poverty trap? Lancet. 2001;358(9284):833\u2013836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05975-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05975-X"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Odey SA. Environmental Law Enforcement: In Nigeria a reevaluation. J Ilmu Sosiologi Dialektika Kontemporer. 2023;11(1):91\u2013108."},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Vivek ND. Power asymmetries in global health governance: Challenges and local struggles in Africa [homepage on the Internet]. ROAPE; 2025 [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: https:\/\/roape.net\/2025\/03\/05\/power-asymmetries-in-global-health-governance-challenges-and-local-struggles-in-africa\/"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Brynjolfsson E, McAfee A. The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company; 2014."},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Traditional medicine [homepage on the Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/questions-and-answers\/item\/traditional-medicine"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Vuuren SF, Motlhatlego KE, Netshia V. Traditionally used polyherbals in a southern African therapeutic context. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;288:114977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2022.114977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.114977"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antwi-Baffour SS, Bello AI, Adjei DN, Mahmood SA, Ayeh-kumi PF. The place of traditional medicine in the African society: The science, acceptance and support. Am J Health Res. 2014;2(2):49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.ajhr.20140202.13","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajhr.20140202.13"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Mothibe ME, Sibanda M. Traditional and complementary medicine. In: Mordeniz C, editor. African traditional medicine: South African perspective. London: Intechopen, 2019; p. 1\u201327."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma L, Singh J, Dhiman R, et al. Advancing solar energy for primary healthcare in developing nations: Addressing current challenges and enabling progress through UNICEF and collaborative partnerships. Cureus. 2024;16(1):e51571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.51571","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.51571"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arney L, Yadav P. Improving procurement practices in developing country health programs [homepage on the Internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 May 26]. Available from: https:\/\/wdi.umich.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/WDI-_-Improving-Procurement-Practice-in-Developing-Country-Health-Programs_Final-Report_2.pdf","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-14-00068"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng X, Zhang H, Mezei M, Cui M. Molecular docking: A powerful approach for structure-based drug discovery. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des. 2011;7(2):146\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157340911795677602","DOI":"10.2174\/157340911795677602"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olowoyo KS, Esan DT, Adeyanju BT, Olawade DB, Oyinloye BE, Olowoyo P. Telemedicine as a tool to prevent multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in poor resource settings: Lessons from Nigeria. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis. 2024;24(35):100423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jctube.2024.100423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2024.100423"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh R, Suman R. Telemedicine for healthcare: Capabilities, features, barriers, and applications. Sens Int. 2021;2:100117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sintl.2021.100117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sintl.2021.100117"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahler B, Stoichi\u021b\u0103 A, B\u0103iceanu D, et al. Artificial intelligence: A useful tool in active tuberculosis screening among vulnerable groups in Romania \u2013 Advantages and limitations. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1433450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1433450","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1433450"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolarinwa O, Mohammed A, Igharo V, Shongwe S. Leveraging artificial intelligence for inclusive maternity care: Enhancing access for mothers with disabilities in Africa. Womens Health (Lond). 2025;21:17455057251326675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17455057251326675","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057251326675"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HarishbhaiTilala M, Kumar CP, Choppadandi A, et al. Ethical considerations in the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in health care: A comprehensive review. Cureus. 2024;16(6):e62443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.62443","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.62443"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pezoulas V, Zaridis D, Mylona E, et al. Synthetic data generation methods in healthcare: A review on open-source tools and methods. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2024;23:2892\u20132910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csbj.2024.07.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2024.07.005"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BenSouf I, Saidani M, Maazoun A, et al. Use of natural biomolecules in animal feed to enhance livestock reproduction. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(5): 2328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26052328","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052328"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Placha I, Gai F, Pog\u00e1ny SM. Editorial: Natural feed additives in animal nutrition \u2013 Their potential as functional feed. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:1062724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1062724","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1062724"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"National Research Council (US) Committee on Drug Use in Food Animals. Approaches to minimizing antibiotic use in food-animal production. In: Institute of Medicine & National Research Council, editor. The use of drugs in food animals: Benefits and risks. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US), 1999; p. 188\u2013209."},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Committee on Educating Health Professionals to Address the Social Determinants of Health; Board on Global Health; Institute of Medicine, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. A framework for educating health professionals to address the social determinants of health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US); 2016."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenstock IM. The health belief model and preventive health behavior. Health Educ Monogr. 1974;2(4):354\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/109019817400200405","DOI":"10.1177\/109019817400200405"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndembi N, Rammer B, Fokam J, et al. Integrating artificial intelligence into African health systems and emergency response: Need for an ethical framework and guidelines. J Public Health Afr. 2025;16(1):876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jphia.v16i1.876","DOI":"10.4102\/jphia.v16i1.876"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"Universal health coverage (UHC) [homepage on the Internet]. [cited 2025 Oct 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/universal-health-coverage-(uhc)"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rylko-Bauer B, Farmer P. Structural violence, poverty, and social suffering. In: Brady D, Burton L, editors. The Oxford handbook of the social science of poverty. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2016; p. 47\u201374.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199914050.013.4"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"Scheper-Hughes N, Bourgois P. Introduction: Making sense of violence. In: Scheper-Hughes N, Bourgois P, editors. Violence in war and peace: An anthology [homepage on the Internet]. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004; p. 1\u201327."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Macedo CR, Brandespim D. A review of the One Health concept and its application as a tool for policy-makers. Int J One Health. 2020;6(1):83\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/IJOH.2020.83-89","DOI":"10.14202\/IJOH.2020.83-89"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangong S, Saah FI, Bain LE. Effective community engagement in one health research in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. One Health Outlook. 2025;7(1):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42522-024-00126-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-024-00126-4"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanty CT. Feminism without borders: Decolonizing theory, practicing solidarity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 2003.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780822384649"},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"Crenshaw K. Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. Uni Chicago Legal Forum. 1989(1):139\u2013167."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machingaidze S, Elsamani L, Binagwaho A, et al. A united call for new public health order for Africa: The inaugural International Conference on Public Health in Africa (CPHIA 2021). J Public Health Afr. 2023;14(4): 2702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphia.2023.2702","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2023.2702"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baye T, Taame H, Raji T. Charting a healthier future: Africa CDC\u2019s strategic approach towards strengthening the health workforce of the African continent. J Public Health Afr. 2023;14(10): 2864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/jphia.2023.2864","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2023.2864"},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"Mintah SO, Asafo-Agyei T, Ocloo A, Boakye YD, Agyare C. Medicinal plants for the treatment of prevalent diseases. In: Pharmacognosy & medicinal plants. London: Intechopen, 2019; p. 9\u201318."},{"key":"ref61","unstructured":"Ozioma EOJ, Chinwe OAN. Herbal medicines in African traditional medicine. Herb Med. 2019;10:191\u2013214."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akorful RAA, Asafo-Adjei K, Kotey FCN, Donkor ES. Effectiveness of African herbal preparations against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: A systematic review. Sci Afr. 2025;28:e02644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2025.e02644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2025.e02644"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandhi SP, Mate GD, Nagore DH, Chitlange SS. Quantifying curcumin, gallic acid, and resveratrol in a polyherbal mixture: A robust HPTLC method. Eurasian J Chem. 2024;29, 1(113):56\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31489\/2959-0663\/1-24-2","DOI":"10.31489\/2959-0663\/1-24-2"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pillai D, Pandita N. Validated high performance thin layer chromatography method for the quantification of bioactive marker compounds in Draksharishta, an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2016;26:558\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjp.2016.03.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2016.03.015"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie Y, Mu C, Kazybay B, et al. Network pharmacology and experimental investigation of Rhizomapolygonati extract targeted kinase with herbzyme activity for potent drug delivery. Drug Deliv. 2021;1:2187\u20132197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10717544.2021.1977422","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1977422"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li M, Li H, Min X, Sun J, Liang B, Xu L. Identification of 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl-containing thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as novel PTP1B inhibitors with antidiabetic activity. J Med Chem. 2024;67:8406\u20138419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c00676","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c00676"}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health in Africa"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealthinafrica.org\/index.php\/jphia\/article\/view\/1506\/2587","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T09:10:08Z","timestamp":1765185008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealthinafrica.org\/index.php\/jphia\/article\/view\/1506"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":67,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jphia.v16i4.1506","relation":{},"ISSN":["2038-9922","2038-9930"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2038-9922","type":"print"},{"value":"2038-9930","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"article-number":"a1506"}}