{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:35:20Z","timestamp":1785425720525,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Postpartum depression (PPD) is a form of major depression that occurs after childbirth and may begin during pregnancy. It affects 10% \u2013 20% of new mothers globally and has a relatively high prevalence in developing countries. Postpartum depression can negatively impact maternal health, child development and family well-being. In Ethiopia, there is limited evidence from the Oromia Region despite its large population.\nAim:\u00a0This study aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of PPD among mothers attending the Batu Health Center.\nSetting:\u00a0The study was conducted from 11 July 2022 until 11 August 2022 in Batu, East Shewa Zone, Oromia, a regional state of Ethiopia.\nMethods:\u00a0A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among postnatal mothers who gave birth within the past 12 months. A total of 195 mothers were selected via simple random sampling. The data were analysed via Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to identify factors associated with PPD at a significance level of\u00a0p\u00a0&lt; 0.05.\nResults:\u00a0The prevalence of postpartum depression among the participants was 24.6%. Among those with PPD, 18.75% had thoughts of self-harm. The factors significantly associated with PPD included a history of abortion (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.574; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.320\u20135.022), a history of mental illness of the mother (AOR = 7.836; 95% CI: 3.077\u201312.648) and low social support (AOR = 9.325; 95% CI: 5.849\u201312.801).\nConclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of postpartum depression among mothers in Batu.\nContribution:\u00a0Routine screening, health professional training and public awareness efforts are essential to improve early detection and support for affected mothers in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/jphia.v16i4.1576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T07:35:54Z","timestamp":1765956954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and determinants of depressive symptoms among postpartum mothers visiting rural health centre in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3457-369X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigael Abiy","family":"Mesfin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01d9dbd65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0566-2104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdurahman","family":"Yimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038b8e254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Addis Ababa University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3615-6832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham","family":"Begashaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038b8e254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Addis Ababa University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7252-3253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Nigusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038b8e254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Addis Ababa University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4035-6437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amesiyas","family":"Zewude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038b8e254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Addis Ababa University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1183-9039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanuel","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038b8e254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Addis Ababa University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4206-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham Genetu","family":"Tiruneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038b8e254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Addis Ababa University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Mesfin","family":"Girma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038b8e254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Addis Ababa University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salem MN, Thabet MN, Fouly H, Abbas AM. Factors affecting the occurrence of postpartum depression among puerperal women in Sohag city, Egypt. Proc Obstet Gynecol. 2017;7(1): 1328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17077\/2154-4751.1328","DOI":"10.17077\/2154-4751.1328"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelaye B, Rondon MB, Araya R, Williams MA. Epidemiology of maternal depression, risk factors, and child outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(10):973\u2013982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30284-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30284-X"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Meltzer-Brody S, Gartlehner G, Swinson T. Perinatal depression: A systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(5, pt 1):1071\u20131083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.AOG.0000183597.31630.db","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000183597.31630.db"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dadi AF, Mwanri L, Woodman RJ, Azale T, Miller ER. Causal mechanisms of postnatal depression among women in Gondar town, Ethiopia: Application of a stress-process model with generalized structural equation modeling. Reprod Health. 2020;17(1):63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-020-00912-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-00912-z"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"What is postpartum depression? [homepage on the Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Nov 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/parenting\/mental-health\/what-postpartum-depression"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic. Postpartum depression \u2013 Symptoms and causes [homepage on the Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Nov 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/postpartum-depression\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20376617"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azale T, Fekadu A, Medhin G, Hanlon C. Coping strategies of women with postpartum depression symptoms in rural Ethiopia: A cross-sectional community study. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-018-1624-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1624-z"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Astor K, Lindskog M, Juvrud J, et al. Maternal postpartum depression impacts infants\u2019 joint attention differentially across cultures. Dev Psychol. 2022;58:2230\u20132238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0001413","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001413"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkinson RB, Mulcahy R. Attachment and interpersonal relationships in postnatal depression. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2010;28(3):252\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02646831003587353","DOI":"10.1080\/02646831003587353"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornish AM, McMahon CA, Ungerer JA, Barnett B, Kowalenko N, Tennant C. Maternal depression and the experience of parenting in the second postnatal year. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2006;24(2):121\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02646830600644021","DOI":"10.1080\/02646830600644021"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christensen L, Somers S. Adequacy of the dietary intake of depressed individuals. J Am Coll Nutr. 1994;13(6):597\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07315724.1994.10718454","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1994.10718454"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George GC, Milani TJ, Hanss-Nuss H, Freeland-Graves JH. Compliance with dietary guidelines and relationship to psychosocial factors in low-income women in late postpartum. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(6):916\u2013926.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.03.009"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulson JF, Dauber S, Leiferman JA. Individual and combined effects of postpartum depression in mothers and fathers on parenting behavior. Pediatrics. 2006;118(2):659\u2013668.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2948"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woldeyohannes D, Tekalegn Y, Sahiledengle B, Ermias D, Ejajo T, Mwanri L. Effect of postpartum depression on exclusive breast-feeding practices in sub-Saharan Africa countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21:113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-020-03535-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03535-1"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel V, DeSouza N, Rodrigues M. Postnatal depression and infant growth and development in low income countries: A cohort study from Goa, India. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88(1):34\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.88.1.34","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.1.34"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adewuya AO, Ola BO, Aloba OO, Mapayi BM, Okeniyi JAO. Impact of postnatal depression on infants\u2019 growth in Nigeria. J Affect Disord. 2008;108(1\u20132):191\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2007.09.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.09.013"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennis CL, McQueen K. Does maternal postpartum depressive symptomatology influence infant feeding outcomes? Acta Paediatr. 2007;96(4):590\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00184.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00184.x"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLearn KT, Minkovitz CS, Strobino DM, Marks E, Hou W. Maternal depressive symptoms at 2 to 4 months post partum and early parenting practices. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160(3):279\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.160.3.279","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.3.279"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shidhaye P, Giri P. Maternal depression: A hidden burden in developing countries. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2014;4(4):463\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2141-9248.139268","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.139268"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Oromia Region. IOM Ethiopia [homepage on the Internet]. No date [cited 2023 Dec 23]. Available from: https:\/\/ethiopia.iom.int\/oromia-region"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassen J, Dinka H. Retrospective analysis of urban malaria cases due to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax: The case of Batu town, Oromia, Ethiopia. Heliyon. 2020;6(3):e03616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03616"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duko B, Wolde D, Alemayehu Y. The epidemiology of postnatal depression in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Health. 2020;17(1):180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12978-020-01035-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-01035-1"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster J, Linnane JW, Dibley LM, Hinson JK, Starrenburg SE, Roberts JA. Measuring social support in pregnancy: Can it be simple and meaningful? Birth. 2000;27(2):97\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1523-536x.2000.00097.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-536x.2000.00097.x"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Postpartum unipolar major depression: Epidemiology, clinical features, assessment, and diagnosis \u2013 UpToDate [homepage on the Internet]. 2025 [cited 2022 Nov 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/postpartum-unipolar-major-depression-epidemiology-clinical-features-assessment-and-diagnosis?search=postpartum%20depression&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolossa T, Fetensa G, Yilma MT, et al. Postpartum depression and associated factors among postpartum women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis, 2020. Public Health Rev. 2020;41(1):21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40985-020-00136-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-020-00136-3"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wubetu AD, Engidaw NA, Gizachew KD. Prevalence of postpartum depression and associated factors among postnatal care attendees in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, 2018. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-020-02873-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-02873-4"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Healey C, Morriss R, Henshaw C, et al. Self-harm in postpartum depression and referrals to a perinatal mental health team: An audit study. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2013;16(3):237\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-013-0335-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-013-0335-1"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shitu S, Geda B, Dheresa M. Postpartum depression and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in the last twelve months in Ankesha district, Awi zone, North West Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-019-2594-y","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2594-y"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed ES, Mosalem FA, Mahfouz EM, Abd ElHameed MA. Predictors of postpartum depression among rural women in Minia, Egypt: An epidemiological study. Public Health. 2014;128(9):817\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2014.06.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2014.06.006"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stellenberg EL, Abrahams JM. Prevalence of and factors influencing postnatal depression in a rural community in South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2015;7(1):874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/phcfm.v7i1.874","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v7i1.874"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Danasabe M, Elias N. Postpartum depression among Hausa ethnic women in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, North East Nigeria [homepage on the Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Dec 11]. Available from: https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/POSTPARTUM-DEPRESSION-AMONG-HAUSA-ETHNIC-WOMEN-IN-Danasabe-Elias\/078255bffc8564f17674b88a54b653c0238a31a9"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atuhaire C, Cumber SN. Factors associated with postpartum depression among adolescents in Uganda. Pan Afr Med J. 2018;30:170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2018.30.170.15333","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.30.170.15333"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asaye MM, Muche HA, Zelalem ED. Prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression: Northwest Ethiopia. Psychiatry J. 2020;2020:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/9565678","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9565678"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saleh ES, El-Bahei W, Del El-Hadidy MA, Zayed A. Predictors of postpartum depression in a sample of Egyptian women. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:15\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S37156","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S37156"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abadiga M. Magnitude and associated factors of postpartum depression among women in Nekemte town, East Wollega zone, west Ethiopia, 2019: A community-based study. PLoS One. 2019;14(11):e0224792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0224792","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224792"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesfin AA, Yimer A, Begashaw A, et al. Magnitude and factors associated with depressive symptoms among post-partum mothers visiting rural health center in Ethiopia, A cross sectional study. Research Square [Preprint]. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2508544\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2508544\/v1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health in Africa"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealthinafrica.org\/index.php\/jphia\/article\/view\/1576\/2647","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T07:36:00Z","timestamp":1765956960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publichealthinafrica.org\/index.php\/jphia\/article\/view\/1576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jphia.v16i4.1576","relation":{},"ISSN":["2038-9922","2038-9930"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2038-9922","type":"print"},{"value":"2038-9930","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"article-number":"a1576"}}