{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T17:07:47Z","timestamp":1773940067735,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Medpharm Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]],"date-time":"2013-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366243200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A survey was conducted to determine the occurrence of risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection amongst farmers in Thika District, Kenya. Interviews were conducted in a total of 385 households using a structured questionnaire. The water consumed at household level originated from taps (74.3%), rivers or streams (15.1%), wells (5.4%) and boreholes (5.2%). A number of households (46.8%) consumed water without boiling or applying any form of treatment. All respondents washed vegetables before cooking, whilst 99.0% washed fruits before eating. Boiled milk was preferred by 99.5% of the farmers. The majority (85.2%) consumed beef more often, whilst 1.6% consumed pork. The majority (98.7%) consumed thoroughly cooked meat. Meat was preserved by 17% of farmers. Only four farmers (1.2%) who practised mixed farming used gloves when handling livestock manure. Five farmers (1.6%) reported the occurrence of abortion in ruminants and pigs on their farms within the last two years before the study. Almost half (44.9%) of the households owned cats, which were kept mainly as pets (79.8%) and for deterring rodents (20.2%). The majority of households (91.3%) fed the cats on leftovers, whilst 8.1% fed cats with raw offal. Sixteen households (9.2%) provided housing for cats. Only five households (2.8%) had litter boxes, but none of the households with litter boxes used gloves when cleaning them out. Disposal of cat faeces was done mainly by women (55.5%). Only one farmer (0.3%) had some knowledge about toxoplasmosis, but was not aware of the transmission mechanism. The study highlights the need for public health education to raise awareness of risk factors for toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v84i1.191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]],"date-time":"2013-04-18T08:11:31Z","timestamp":1366272691000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Questionnaire Survey on the Occurrence of Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection amongst Farmers in Thika District, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.36303","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Edwin","family":"Ogendi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Maina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kagira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maina","family":"Ngotho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Mbugua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Karanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"22149","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0901.020160"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00086-3"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90443-3"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(01)00201-7"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352008000100006"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283823"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.03.007"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00033-3"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406303302604"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008942"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/15.2.211"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.01.003"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.687"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.01.007"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7"}],"container-title":["Journal of the South African Veterinary Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/191\/1099","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/191\/1100","content-type":"application\/octet-stream","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/191\/1101","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/191\/1098","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/191\/1098","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T14:58:41Z","timestamp":1675090721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/view\/191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jsava.v84i1.191","relation":{},"ISSN":["2224-9435","1019-9128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2224-9435","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1019-9128","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,18]]}}}