{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:49:42Z","timestamp":1791139782876,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":1,"publisher":"Medpharm Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]],"date-time":"2013-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360627200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In July 2006, a case of two out of three lambs born to one ewe in a flock of 45 had signs that,  in retrospect, were possibly consistent with Schmallenberg virus infection. This occurred in  the Onderstepoort area (Gauteng Province) but a definitive diagnosis was not made. Then,  in May 2008, a farmer in the Delmas area (Mpumalanga Province) reported that deformed  lambs had been born to several ewes in the flock. Six of the approximately 50 mated ewes gave  birth to lambs showing varying degrees of arthrogryposis, torticollis, kyphosis, mandibular  brachygnathia and hydrocephalus. Of these, only two were born alive but they died within  a few hours. Blood was collected from the ewes with deformed lambs, a random sample of  ewes that had given birth to normal lambs and a lamb that was normal but had a twin that  was deformed. The samples were tested for Wesselsbron and Akabane antibodies using a  complement fixation test and a haemagglutination\/haemagglutination inhibition test that  were available at that time. Bluetongue virus antibodies were also tested for using a commercial  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. All samples showed negative results for  all diseases tested. At the time Rift Valley fever virus had not been diagnosed in that region for  many years and so it was not included in the testing. It is unlikely that this was the cause as no  liver pathology was detected on postmortem examination of the lambs and no adult ewes had  died. The farmer reported that another farm just a few kilometres away experienced the same  deformities in some of their lambs but this farm was not investigated. During investigation it  was thought that the cause was possibly a new strain of Akabane virus, although there was  no way to confirm it. However, with the recent discovery of the Schmallenberg virus, it is  possible that this virus has been present in South Africa for at least the last four years without  being identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v84i1.535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,13]],"date-time":"2013-02-13T13:19:32Z","timestamp":1360761572000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Schmallenberg virus \u2013 Is it present in South Africa?"],"prefix":"10.36303","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Rhoda","family":"Leask","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albertha M.","family":"Botha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth F.","family":"Bath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"22149","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.03.035"}],"container-title":["Journal of the South African Veterinary Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/535\/1022","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/535\/1023","content-type":"application\/octet-stream","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/535\/1024","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/535\/1021","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/viewFile\/535\/1021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T14:58:30Z","timestamp":1675090710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.jsava.aosis.co.za\/index.php\/jsava\/article\/view\/535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]]},"references-count":1,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jsava.v84i1.535","relation":{},"ISSN":["2224-9435","1019-9128"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2224-9435","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1019-9128","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,12]]}}}