{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:43:58Z","timestamp":1790282638814,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Medpharm Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,2]],"date-time":"2016-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480636800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dichloromethane (DCM) extract of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) bulbs was assessed for its repellent effect against the hard tick, Hyalomma rufipes (Acari: Ixodidae) using two tick behavioural bioassays; Type A and Type B repellency bioassays, under laboratory conditions. These bioassays exploit the questing behaviour of H. rufipes, a tick that in nature displays ambush strategy, seeking its host by climbing up on vegetation and attaching to a passing host. One hundred microlitres (100 \u00b5L) of the test solution containing DCM extract of garlic bulbs and DCM at concentrations of 0.35%, 0.7% or 1.4% w\/v were evaluated. DCM only was used for control. Tick repellency increased significantly (R2 = 0.98) with increasing concentration (40.03% \u2013 86.96%) yielding an EC50 of 0.45% w\/v in Type B repellency bioassay. At concentration of 1.4% w\/v, the DCM extract of garlic bulbs produced high repellency index of 87% (male ticks) and 87.5% (female ticks) in the Type A repellency bioassay. Only 4% avoidance of male ticks or female ticks was recorded in the Type B repellency bioassay. In the corresponding controls, the mean numbers of non-repelled male or female ticks were 80% and 41 males or 38 females of 50 ticks in the Type A and Type B repellency bioassays, respectively. The variations in the results could be attributed to the difference in tick repellent behaviours that were assessed by the two repellency bioassays; the Type A repellency bioassay assessed repellent effect of garlic extracts without discriminating between deterrence and avoidance whereas the Type B repellency bioassay only assessed avoidance response. Generally, DCM extract of garlic was repellent against H. rufipes, albeit weak tick repellency was obtained in the Type B repellency bioassay. Furthermore, this study established that the tick repellent activity of garlic extracts is predominantly by deterrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v87i1.1356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]],"date-time":"2016-11-30T15:47:51Z","timestamp":1480520871000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Repellent activities of dichloromethane extract of &lt;i&gt;Allium sativum&lt;\/i&gt; (garlic) (Liliaceae) against &lt;i&gt;Hyalomma rufipes&lt;\/i&gt; (Acari)"],"prefix":"10.36303","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Felix","family":"Nchu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon R.","family":"Magano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacobus 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