{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T23:05:21Z","timestamp":1649027121880},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Onderstepoort J Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of new, highly sensitive diagnostic methods  has revealed persistent infections to be a common feature of different  tick-borne diseases, such as babesiosis, anaplasmosis and heartwater. Antigenic  variation can contribute to disease persistence through the continual  elaboration of new surface structures, and we know in several instances how this  is achieved. Known or suspected mechanisms of persistence in babesial parasites  include cytoadhesion and rapid variation of the adhesive ligand in Babesia  bovis and genetic diversity in several merozoite stage proteins of different  Babesia spp. In Anaplasma, extensive variation in the pfam01617  gene family accompanies cycling of organism levels in chronic infection. One  result from the pioneering research at Onderstepoort is the definition of a  related polymorphic gene family that is likely involved in immunity against  heartwater disease. We are beginning to understand the sizes of the antigenic  repertoires and full definition is close, with the possibility of applying  simultaneous high-throughput sequencing to the order of 1 000 small genomes. We  also, for the first time, can consider modifying these genomes and looking at  effects on persistence and virulence. However, important biological questions  remain unanswered; for example, why we are seeing a new emerging  Anaplasma infection of humans and is infection of endothelial cells by  Anaplasma significant to persistence in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v76i1.65","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]],"date-time":"2012-08-27T07:21:52Z","timestamp":1346052112000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Persistence mechanisms in tick-borne diseases : tick-borne diseases"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"A.F.","family":"Barbet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,10]]},"container-title":["Onderstepoort J Vet Res"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ojvr.org\/index.php\/ojvr\/article\/viewFile\/65\/58","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]],"date-time":"2017-06-01T11:20:23Z","timestamp":1496316023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ojvr.org\/index.php\/ojvr\/article\/view\/65"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,10]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ojvr.v76i1.65","relation":{},"ISSN":["2219-0635","0030-2465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2219-0635","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0030-2465","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,10]]}}}