{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:29:58Z","timestamp":1789705798192,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interface areas shared by humans, domestic and wild animals may serve as high transmission contexts for\u00a0Toxoplasma gondii.\u00a0However, knowledge about the epidemiology of\u00a0T. gondii\u00a0in such areas is currently limited. The present study assessed the seroprevalence of\u00a0T. gondii\u00a0in different hosts from Mpumalanga, South Africa. Furthermore, we investigated the local knowledge and related practices about\u00a0T. gondii\u00a0by conducting a questionnaire study in the community. Blood samples were obtained and analysed for\u00a0T. gondii\u00a0antibodies using a commercial multispecies latex agglutination kit. The seroprevalence detected in humans (n\u00a0= 160; patients showing signs of acute febrile illness), cats (n\u00a0= 9), chickens (n\u00a0= 336) and goats (n\u00a0= 358) was 8.8%, 0.0%, 4.2% and 11.2%, respectively. Seroprevalence in impalas (n\u00a0= 97), kudus (n\u00a0= 55), wild dogs (n\u00a0= 54), wildebeests (n\u00a0= 43), warthogs (n\u00a0= 97) and zebras (n\u00a0= 68) was calculated at 5.2%, 7.3%, 100.0%, 20.9%, 13.4% and 9.1%, respectively. The questionnaire revealed that 63.0% of household owners were subsistence farmers, and 35.9% were pet owners. A high level of female participation was found (75.3%) when compared to male participation (24.7%). The results show a low circulation of\u00a0T. gondii\u00a0in the domestic cycle and suggest the presence of possible bridges between the wildlife cycle and the surrounding domestic cycle.\n\nContribution:\u00a0The study contributes to identifying transmission patterns and risk factors of\u00a0T. gondii\u00a0within human and animal populations. This topic fits within the scope of the journal presenting original research in veterinary science, with the focus on wild and domestic populations on the African continent on a topic of universal importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v91i1.2130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T05:14:55Z","timestamp":1713417295000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An investigation into Toxoplasma gondii at the human-livestock-wildlife interface, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7002-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Refilwe P.","family":"Bokaba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8745-5304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronique","family":"Dermauw+","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7696-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darshana","family":"Morar-Leather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5381-7987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Dorny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4365-4904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"van Schalkwyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5435-5996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeria, S., Cabezon, O., Paniagua, J., Cano-Terriza, D., Jimenez-Ruiz, S., Arenas-Montes, A. et al., 2018, \u2018Toxoplasma gondii in sympatric domestic and wild ungulates in the Mediterranean ecosystem\u2019, Parasitology Research 117(3), 665\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-017-5705-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5705-6"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakal, P.M., Karstad, L. & In \u2018T Veld, N., 1980, \u2018Serologic evidence of toxoplasmosis in captive and free-living wild mammals in Kenya\u2019, Journal of Wildlife Diseases 16(4), 559\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/0090-3558-16.4.559","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-16.4.559"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berrian, A.M., Van Rooyen, J., Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez, B., Knobel, D., Simpson, G.J.G., Wilkes, M.S. et al., 2016, \u2018One Health profile of a community at the wildlife-domestic animal interface, Mpumalanga, South Africa\u2019, Preventive Veterinary Medicine 130, 119\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.06.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.06.007"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boughattas, S., Behnke, J., Sharma, A. & Abu-Madi, M., 2016, \u2018Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in feral cats in Qatar\u2019, BMC Veterinary Research 13, 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-017-0952-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-0952-4"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brouat, C., Diagne, C.A., Isma\u00efl, K., Aroussi, A., Dalecky, A., B\u00e2, K. et al., 2018, \u2018Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in commensal rodents sampled across Senegal, West Africa\u2019, Parasite 25, 32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2018036","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2018036"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Chaudhary, Z., Ahmed, R., Hussain, S. & Shakoori, A., 2006, \u2018Detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in butchers and buffaloes by polymerase chain reaction and latex agglutination test\u2019, Pakistan Journal of Zoology 38(4), 333."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Cheadle, M.A., Spencer, J.A. & Blagburn, B.L., 1999, \u2018Seroprevalences of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in nondomestic felids from southern Africa\u2019, Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 30(2), 248\u2013251."},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Cochran, W.G., 1977, Sampling techniques, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desta, A.H., 2015, \u2018Knowledge, attitude and practice of community towards zoonotic importance of toxoplasma infection in central Afar Region, North East Ethiopia\u2019, International Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 3(6), 74\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.ijbse.20150306.12","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijbse.20150306.12"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey, J.P., Thulliez, P., Weigel, R.M., Andrews, C.D., Lind, P. & Powell, E.C., 1995, \u2018Sensitivity and specificity of various serologic tests for detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in naturally infected sows\u2019, American Journal of Veterinary Research 56(8), 1030\u20131036.","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1995.56.08.1030"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferroglio, E., Bosio, F., Trisciuoglio, A. & Zanet, S., 2014, \u2018Toxoplasma gondii in sympatric wild herbivores and carnivores: Epidemiology of infection in the Western Alps\u2019, Parasites & Vectors 7(1), 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-7-196","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-196"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halonen, S.K. & Weiss, L.M., 2013, \u2018Toxoplasmosis\u2019, Handbook of Clinical Neurology 114, 125\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-53490-3.00008-X","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53490-3.00008-X"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammond-Aryee, K., 2014, \u2018Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence studies in humans and animals in Africa\u2019, South African Family Practice 56(2), 119\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20786204.2014.10855349","DOI":"10.1080\/20786204.2014.10855349"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammond-Aryee, K., Esser, M., Van Helden, L. & Helden, P., 2015a, \u2018A high seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in a population of feral cats in the Western Cape province of South Africa\u2019, Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases 30(4), 141\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23120053.2015.1107295","DOI":"10.1080\/23120053.2015.1107295"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammond-Aryee, K., Van Helden, L.S. & Van Helden, P.D., 2015b, \u2018The prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in sheep in the Western Cape, South Africa\u2019, Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 82(1), 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ojvr.v82i1.993","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v82i1.993"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, D. & Dubey, J.P., 2002, \u2018Toxoplasma gondii: Transmission, diagnosis and prevention\u2019, Clinical Microbiology and Infection 8(10), 634\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2002.00485.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2002.00485.x"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Hofmeyr, C.F.B., 1956, \u2018Two hundred and eighty-four autopsies at the National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria\u2019, Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 27(4), 263\u2013296."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Jacobs, P.R. & Mason, M.R., 1978, \u2018Prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in Southern Africa\u2019, South African Medical Journal 53(16), 619\u2013621."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, H.H., Li, M.W., Xu, M.J., Cong, W. & Zhu, X.Q., 2015, \u2018Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in dogs in Zhanjiang, Southern China\u2019, Korean Journal of Parasitology 53(4), 493\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3347\/kjp.2015.53.4.493","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2015.53.4.493"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kistiah, K., Winiecka-Krusnell, J., Barragan, A., Karstaedt, A. & Frean, J., 2011, \u2018Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects in Gauteng, South Africa\u2019, Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 26(4), 225\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10158782.2011.11441457","DOI":"10.1080\/10158782.2011.11441457"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lappin, M.R. & Powell, C.C., 1991, \u2018Comparison of latex agglutination, indirect hemagglutination, and ELISA techniques for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies in the serum of cats\u2019, Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 5(5), 299\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1991.tb03137.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1991.tb03137.x"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luk\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1, R., Halajian, A., B\u00e1rtov\u00e1, E., Kob\u00e9dov\u00e1, K., Swanepoel, L.H. & O\u2019Riain, M.J., 2018a, \u2018The Occurrence of Some Nonblood Protozoan Parasites in Wild and Domestic Mammals in South Africa\u2019, Journal of Wildlife Diseases 54(2), 392\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/2017-09-233","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-09-233"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luk\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1, R., Kob\u00e9dov\u00e1, K., Halajian, A., B\u00e1rtov\u00e1, E., Murat, J.B., Rampedi, K.M. et al., 2018b, \u2018Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in birds from South Africa\u2019, Acta Tropica 178, 93\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.10.029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.10.029"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Mason, P.R., Jacobs, M.R. & Fripp, P.J., 1974, \u2018Serological survey of toxoplasmosis in the Transvaal\u2019, South African Medical Journal 48(40), 1707\u20131709."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazumder, P., Chuang, H.Y., Wentz, M.W. & Wiedbrauk, D.L., 1988, \u2018Latex agglutination test for detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii\u2019, Journal of Clinical Microbiology 26(11), 2444\u20132446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.26.11.2444-2446.1988","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.11.2444-2446.1988"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munday, B.L., 1972, \u2018Serological evidence of Toxoplasma infection in isolated groups of sheep\u2019, Research in Veterinary Science 13(1), 100\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)34101-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)34101-8"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohshima, S., Tsubota, N. & Hiraoka, K., 1981, \u2018Latex agglutination microtiter test for diagnosis of toxoplasma infection in animals\u2019, Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie, und Hygiene. Series A 250(3), 376\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0174-3031(81)80130-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0174-3031(81)80130-8"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Penzhorn, B.L., Stylianides, E., Van Vuuren, M., Alexander, K., Meltzer, D.G.A. & Mukarati, N., 2002, \u2018Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging lion and leopard populations in southern Africa\u2019, South African Journal of Wildlife Research 32(2), 163\u2013165."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pomerantz, J., Rasambainarivo, F.T., Dollar, L., Rahajanirina, L.P., Andrianaivoarivelo, R., Parker, P. et al. 2016, \u2018Prevalence of antibodies to selected viruses and parasites in introduced and endemic carnivores in western Madagascar\u2019, Journal of Wildlife Diseases 52(3), 544\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/2015-03-063","DOI":"10.7589\/2015-03-063"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Ratcliffe, H.L. & Worth, C.B., 1951, \u2018Toxoplasmosis of captive wild birds and mammals\u2019, The American Journal of Pathology 27(4), 655\u2013667."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riemann, G.P., Burridge, M.J., Behymer, D.E. & Franti, C.E., 1975, \u2018Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-living African mammals\u2019, Journal of Wildlife Diseases 11(4), 529\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/0090-3558-11.4.529","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-11.4.529"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadiq, M.B., Hamid, N.A., Yusri, U.K., Ramanoon, S.Z., Mansor, R., Affandi, S.A. et al. 2021, \u2018Ruminant farmers\u2019 knowledge, attitude and practices towards zoonotic diseases in Selangor, Malaysia\u2019, Preventive Veterinary Medicine 196, 105489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105489"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samkange, A., Chitanga, S., Neves, L. & Matjila, T., 2022, \u2018Evaluation of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding neosporosis and toxoplasmosis among farmers and animal health practitioners in Namibia\u2019, Tropical Animal Health and Production 55(1), 28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-022-03441-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-022-03441-y"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seltmann, A., Schares, G., Aschenborn, O., Heinrich, S., Thalwitzer, S., Wachter, B. et al. 2020, \u2018Species-specific differences in Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Besnoitia besnoiti seroprevalence in Namibian wildlife\u2019, Parasites & Vectors 13(7), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3871-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3871-3"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serieys, L.E.K., Hammond-Aryee, K., Bishop, J., Broadfield, J., O\u2019Riain, M.J. & Van Helden, P.D. 2019, \u2018High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in an urban caracal (Caracal caracal) population in South Africa\u2019, Journal of Wildlife Diseases 55(4), 951\u2013953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/2018-09-229","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-09-229"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Spencer, J.A. & Markel, P., 1993, \u2018Serological survey of sera from lions in Etosha National Park\u2019, South African Journal of Wildlife Research 23(2), 60\u201361."},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Sroka, J., Karamon, J., Cencek, T. & Dutkiewicz, J., 2011, \u2018Preliminary assessment of usefulness of cELISA test for screening pig and cattle populations for presence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii\u2019, Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 18(2), 335\u2013339."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagwireyi, W.M., Etter, E. & Neves, L., 2019, \u2018Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in southeastern South Africa\u2019, Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 86(1), e1\u2013e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ojvr.v86i1.1688","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v86i1.1688"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, P.J., Arntzen, L., Hayter, M., Iles, M., Frean, J. & Belmain, S., 2008, \u2018Understanding and managing sanitary risks because of rodent zoonoses in an African city: Beyond the Boston Model\u2019, Integrative Zoology 3(1), 38\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2008.00072.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2008.00072.x"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tenter, A.M., Heckeroth, A.R. & Weiss, L.M., 2000, \u2018Toxoplasma gondii: From animals to humans\u2019, International Journal for Parasitology 30(12), 1217\u20131258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonouhewa, A.B.N., Akpo, Y., Sessou, P., Adoligbe, C., Yessinou, E., Hounmanou, Y.G. et al., 2017, \u2018Toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals from Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis of sero-epidemiological studies\u2019, Veterinary World 10(2), 194\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2017.194-208","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.194-208"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torrey, E.F. & Yolken, R.H., 2013, \u2018Toxoplasma oocysts as a public health problem\u2019, Trends in Parasitology 29(8), 380\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2013.06.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.06.001"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuda, J., Adiani, S., Ichikawa-Seki, M., Umeda, K. & Nishikawa, Y., 2017, \u2018Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in humans and pigs in North Sulawesi, Indonesia\u2019, Parasitology International 66(5), 615\u2013618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2017.04.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2017.04.011"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Van Heerden, J., Mills, M.G.L., Van Vuuren, M.J., Kelly, P.J. & Dreyer, M.J., 1995, \u2018An investigation into the health status and diseases of wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in the Kruger National Park\u2019, Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 66(1), 18\u201327."}],"container-title":["Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ojvr.org\/index.php\/ojvr\/article\/viewFile\/2130\/2580","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ojvr.org\/index.php\/ojvr\/article\/viewFile\/2130\/2581","content-type":"application\/epub+zip","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ojvr.org\/index.php\/ojvr\/article\/viewFile\/2130\/2582","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ojvr.org\/index.php\/ojvr\/article\/viewFile\/2130\/2584","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ojvr.org\/index.php\/ojvr\/article\/viewFile\/2130\/2583","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ojvr.org\/index.php\/ojvr\/article\/view\/2130\/2584","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T08:17:31Z","timestamp":1773130651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ojvr.org\/index.php\/ojvr\/article\/view\/2130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ojvr.v91i1.2130","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-2465","2219-0635"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-2465","type":"print"},{"value":"2219-0635","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"article-number":"a2130"}}