{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T14:34:37Z","timestamp":1783434877001,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wild animals, sharing pathogens with domestic animals, play a crucial role in the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Sampling from wild animals poses significant challenges, yet it is vital for inclusion in disease surveillance and monitoring programmes. Often, mass surveillance involves serological screenings using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests, typically validated only for domestic animals. This study assessed the diagnostic specificity of commercially available ELISA tests on 342 wild ruminant serum samples and 100 from wild boars. We evaluated three tests for foot-and-mouth disease: two for Peste des petits ruminants, two for Rift Valley fever and one for Capripox virus. Diagnostic specificity was calculated using the formula True Negative\/(False Positive + True Negative). Cohen\u2019s kappa coefficient measured agreement between tests. Results showed high specificity and agreement across all tests. Specificity for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) ranged from 93.89% for Prionics to 100% for IDEXX, with IDvet showing 99.6%. The highest agreement was between FMD IDvet and IDEXX at 97.1%. Rift Valley fever (RVF) tests, Ingezim and IDvet, achieved specificities of 100% and 98.83%, respectively. The optimal specificity was attained by retesting single reactors and inactivating the complement.\n\nContribution:\u00a0Commercially available ELISA kits are specific for foot-and-mouth disease and similar transboundary animal diseases and can be used for highly specific wild animal testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v91i1.2164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]],"date-time":"2024-06-29T05:39:11Z","timestamp":1719639551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of commercial ELISA kits\u2019 diagnostic specificity for FAST diseases in wild animals"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1181-6307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesna","family":"Mili\u0107evi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4335-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrije","family":"Gli\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1482-3046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ljubi\u0161a","family":"Veljovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6667-3417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovan","family":"Mir\u010deta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Enterprise Vojvodina\u0161ume"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4281-1672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branislav","family":"Kurelju\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6267-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milutin","family":"\u0110or\u0111evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7845-7391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Vaskovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Veterinary Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandrov, T., Stefanov, D., Kamenov, P., Miteva, A., Khomenko, S., Sumption, K. et al., 2013, \u2018Surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in susceptible wildlife and domestic ungulates in Southeast of Bulgaria following a FMD case in wild boar\u2019, Veterinary Microbiology 166(1\u20132), 84\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.05.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.05.016"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banyard, A.C. & Parida, S., 2016, \u2018Eradicating Peste des Petits Ruminants \u2013 The challenges ahead\u2019, British Journal of Virology 3(3s), 47\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17582\/journal.bjv\/2016.3.3s.47.52","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.bjv\/2016.3.3s.47.52"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baselli, S., Pezzoni, G., Sabino, M., Grazioli, S., Wolff, J., Hoffmann, B. et al., 2023, \u2018ELISA methods based on monoclonal antibodies for the serological diagnosis of lumpy skin disease\u2019, Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2023, 8378153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/8378153","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8378153"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boadella, M. & Gort\u00e1zar, C., 2011, \u2018Effect of haemolysis and repeated freeze-thawing cycles on wild boar serum antibody testing by ELISA\u2019, BMC Research Notes 4, 498\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-0500-4-498","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-498"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brocchi, E., Bergmann, I.E., Dekker, A., Paton, D.J., Sammin, D.J., Greiner, M. et al., 2006, \u2018Comparative evaluation of six ELISAs for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus\u2019, Vaccine 24(47\u201348), 6966\u20136979. 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