{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:01:00Z","timestamp":1785402060017,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant foliages used as feed additives pose a health risk due to high oxidant concentrations. Oxidants cause oxidative stress and high rate of morbidities and mortalities. Hence, the aim of the study was to validate the methods to quantify gallic acid (GA) and quercetin (Q) as putative antioxidants, and to evaluate antioxidant activities in feed (F),\u00a0Hyperacanthus amoenus\u00a0(HA) and\u00a0Carissa bispinosa\u00a0(CB) extracts. Extraction was carried out with 62.5% methanol. Method validations for linearity, accuracy and precision were performed on high performance liquid chromatography. Quantitative analysis of GA and Q and testing of 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities in the extracts were performed. The lowest limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.011 \u00b5g\/mL and 0.032 \u00b5g\/mL were determined in HA, respectively. The methods were accurate and precise as the relative standard deviations (%RSD) were less than 15%. The GA concentrations in CB and HA extracts were statistically significant (p\u00a0&lt; 0.05) and their values were 0.65 \u00b1 0.03 x 106\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg dry weight (DW) (0.13%) and 0.28 \u00b1 0.06 x 106\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg DW (0.002%), respectively. All extracts showed very strong radical scavenging activities with their IC50\u00a0values ranging between 5.87 \u00b5g\/mL and 6.86 \u00b5g\/mL.\n\nContribution:\u00a0These accurate, repeatable, precise and reliable methods can be used to provide a valuable basis for GA and Q analysis in various shrub foliages. Though high GA concentrations have potential to act as antioxidants, they may have adverse health and growth performance effects when used as feed additives, while lower Q concentrations may have no effects on livestock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v91i1.2182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T06:43:37Z","timestamp":1734072217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Method validation and antioxidant activities of Hyperacanthus amoenus and Carissa bispinosa"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3303-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kedibone G.","family":"Kgosana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/003hsr719","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4491-0738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tirelo","family":"Matlala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/003hsr719","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd-Alla, H.I., 2022, \u2018The potential use of some members belong to Apiaceae and Asteraceae plant family as immune boosters in livestock production\u2019, Egyptian Journal of Animal Production 59(4), 45\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/ejap.2022.244951","DOI":"10.21608\/ejap.2022.244951"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abedini, R., Khaniki, G.J., Aghaee, E.M., Sadighara, P., Nazmara, S., Akbari-Adergani, B. et al., 2021, \u2018Determination of melamine contamination in chocolates containing powdered milk by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)\u2019, Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 19(1), 165\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40201-020-00590-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-020-00590-w"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aquilina, G., Bories, G., Chesson, A., Cocconcelli, P.S., De Knecht, J., Dierick, N.A. et al., 2012, \u2018Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of benzyl alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters and acetals (chemical group 23) when used as flavourings for all animal species\u2019, EFSA Journal 10(7), 2785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2785","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2012.2785"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bampidis, V., Bastos, M., Christensen, H., Dusemund, B., Kouba, M., Kos, D.M. et al., 2019, \u2018Guidance on the assessment of the safety of feed additives for the environment\u2019, EFSA Journal 17(4), 5648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5648","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5648"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaves, N., Santiago, A. & Alias, J.C., 2020, \u2018Quantification of the antioxidant activity of plant extracts: Analysis of sensitivity and hierarchization based on the method used\u2019, Antioxidants 9(1), 76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9010076","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9010076"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christaki, E., Giannenas, I., Bonos, E. & Florou-Paneri, P., 2020, \u2018Chapter 2 \u2013 Innovative uses of aromatic plants as natural supplements in nutrition\u2019, in P. 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