{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:29:27Z","timestamp":1785432567428,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella\u00a0Typhimurium is a major cause of human and animal salmonellosis, impacting global socioeconomic factors. This study examined antibiotic resistance patterns, virulence genes and plasmids in\u00a0S.\u00a0Typhimurium isolates from nine South African provinces (1999\u20132021). Among 180 randomly selected isolates, 129 were confirmed as\u00a0S.\u00a0Typhimurium from animal (n\u00a0= 94), food (n\u00a0= 16), environment (n\u00a0= 7) and feed (n\u00a0= 12) sources using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Phenotypic resistance was assessed against 13 antibiotics, revealing high resistance levels: 86.8% to ciprofloxacin, 69.0% to ceftriaxone and 65.1% to piperacillin. Multidrug resistance (up to 11 antibiotics) was observed. Genetic analysis identified resistance genes, including\u00a0blaPSE\u00a0(32.6%),\u00a0blaCMY-2\u00a0(21.7%),\u00a0tetA\u00a0(24.0%),\u00a0tetB\u00a0(22.5%),\u00a0qnrB\u00a0(21.7%) and\u00a0qnrA\u00a0(20.2%). Class 1 integrons were found in 47.4% of isolates. Virulence genes were prevalent, including\u00a0sopB\u00a0(95.3%),\u00a0sspH1\u00a0(82.9%),\u00a0sifA\u00a0(82.9%),\u00a0pefA\u00a0(79.8%),\u00a0spvC\u00a0(79.1%),\u00a0sspH2\u00a0(77.5%),\u00a0srgA\u00a0(71.3%) and\u00a0invA\u00a0(100%). Plasmid analysis detected 2 kb, 8 kb and 90 kb plasmids, with the 90 kb plasmid being most common (71.3%). Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) PCR identified 44 clusters (A\u2013RR), including 6 major clusters.\nContribution:\u00a0These findings highlight the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and intervention strategies to curb antibiotic resistance and virulence in\u00a0S.\u00a0Typhimurium populations in South Africa, stressing the importance of monitoring and control measures to address this public health threat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v92i1.2217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T14:34:38Z","timestamp":1759415678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Resistance, virulence and genetic diversity of Salmonella Typhimurium in South Africa (1999\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8659-124X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nkagiseng","family":"Moatshe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048cwvf49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9212-1066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Seakamela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onderstepoort Veterinary Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9450-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khanyisile","family":"Mbatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048cwvf49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5726-681X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Bester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzfn040","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7387-6455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nombasa","family":"Ntushelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Council"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1495-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itumeleng","family":"Matle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048cwvf49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adesiji, Y.O., Deekshit, V.K. & Karunasagar, I., 2014, \u2018Antimicrobial-resistant genes associated with Salmonella spp. isolated from human, poultry, and seafood sources\u2019, Food Science and Nutrition 2(4), 436\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.119","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.119"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adzitey, F., Rusul, G. & Huda, N., 2012, \u2018Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella serovars in ducks, duck rearing and processing environments in Penang, Malaysia\u2019, Food Research International 45(2), 947\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.02.051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.02.051"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, S.K., Hussein, S., Qurbani, K., Ibrahim, R.H., Fareeq, A., 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