{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:38:49Z","timestamp":1784036329168,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607385600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Afr. j. prim. health care fam. med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Multiple drug resistance has become a major threat to the treatment of cholera. Recent studies in Kenya have described the epidemiology, especially the risk factors, of cholera; however, there is little information on the phenotypic and drug susceptibility patterns of Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) in outbreaks that in the recent past have occurred in western Kenya.Aim: To characterise and determine the antibiotics\u2019 susceptibility profiling of toxigenic V. cholerae isolates from Kisumu County.Setting: The project was conducted in Kisumu County, Kenya.Methods: A total of 119 V. cholerae O1, biotype El Tor, isolates collected during 2017 cholera outbreak in Kisumu County were used for this study. The samples were cultured on thiosulphate-citrate-bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar and biochemical tests were carried out using standard procedures. Susceptibility tests were conducted by using various conventional antibiotics against standard procedures.Results: Of the 119 isolates, 101 were confirmed to be V. cholerae belonging to serotypes Inaba and Ogawa, with Inaba being the predominant serotype (73.95%). The isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (100%), ofloxacin (100%), gentamycin (100%), doxycycline (99%), ceftriaxone (99%) and streptomycin (96.04%) antimicrobials, and resistant to erythromycin (53.47%), amoxicillin (64.4%), nalidixic acid (83.2%) and ampicillin (89.11%), with high resistance to cotrimoxazole (99%) and tetracycline (97%).Conclusion: Vibrio cholerae was resistant to multiple antibiotics, including those commonly used in the management of cholera. Taken together, there is a need to carry out regular surveillance on antimicrobial drug resistance during outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v12i1.2264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]],"date-time":"2020-09-19T13:44:32Z","timestamp":1600523072000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Geographical distribution and antibiotics susceptibility patterns of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae isolates from Kisumu County, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2455-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silas O.","family":"Awuor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8583-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric O.","family":"Omwenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5492-8782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim I.","family":"Daud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1661389"},{"key":"ref0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315883946"},{"key":"ref0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5452938"},{"key":"ref0004","author":"Hinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Service Marketing Management in Africa"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref0005","first-page":"177","volume":"66","author":"Narra","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"ref0006","author":"Saidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dynamics of cholera outbreaks in endemic areas of Kenya"},{"key":"ref0007","first-page":"29","volume":"18","author":"Craig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hous J Health Law Pol"},{"key":"ref0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0400"},{"key":"ref0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.527"},{"key":"ref0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1006-1"},{"key":"ref0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.10.3774-3779.2000"},{"key":"ref0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-275"},{"key":"ref0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn542"},{"key":"ref0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00085"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref0015","first-page":"312","volume":"25","author":"Baron","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"ref0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms5010011"},{"key":"ref0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00762-16"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref0018","first-page":"17","volume":"127","author":"Folgosa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref0019","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO)","year":"2017","journal-title":"Made in Viet Nam vaccines: Efforts to develop sustainable in-country manufacturing for seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines: Consultation held in Viet Nam, April\u2013June 2016"},{"key":"ref0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2018.03.017"},{"key":"ref0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2018.03.017"},{"key":"ref0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001182"},{"key":"ref0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3362\/9781780449272"},{"key":"ref0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.7.2364-2369.2004"},{"key":"ref0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-131"},{"key":"ref0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00837"},{"key":"ref0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.11.2991-3000.2001"},{"key":"ref0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.6.5.593"},{"key":"ref0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5365\/wpsar.2013.4.2.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref0030","first-page":"109","volume":"15","author":"Onyango","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90280-3"},{"key":"ref0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00611-06"}],"container-title":["African Journal of Primary Health Care &amp; 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