{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:21:14Z","timestamp":1790295674685,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["African Journal of Primary Health Care &amp; Family Medicine"],"DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v15i1.4039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T22:19:53Z","timestamp":1698358793000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of a pain self-management intervention framework for people with spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mokgadi K.","family":"Mashola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elzette","family":"Korkie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diphale J.","family":"Mothabeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kirshblum SC, Burns SP, Biering-Sorensen F, et al. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011). J Spinal Cord Med. 2011;34(6):535-546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/204577211X13207446293695","DOI":"10.1179\/204577211X13207446293695"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kalpakjian CZ, Scelza WM, Forchheimer MB, et al. Preliminary reliability and validity of a Spinal Cord Injury Secondary Conditions Scale. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30(2):131-139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753924","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753924"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Post M, Noreau L. Quality of life after spinal cord injury. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2005;29(3):139-146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.npt.0000282246.08288.67","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NPT.0000282246.08288.67"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaglal SB, Munce SE, Guilcher SJ, et al. Health system factors associated with rehospitalizations after traumatic spinal cord injury: A population-based study. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(8):604-609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2009.9","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.9"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mashola MK, Olorunju SAS, Mothabeng J. Factors related to hospital readmissions in people with spinal cord injury in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2019;109(2):107-111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7196\/SAMJ.2019.v109i2.13344","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2019.v109i2.13344"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Gorp S, Kessels AG, Joosten EA, et al. Pain prevalence and its determinants after spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2015;19(1):5-14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.522","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.522"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"IASP. Terminology [homepage on the Internet]. [updated 2021; cited 2022 Jan 24]. Available from: https:\/\/www.iasp-pain.org\/resources\/terminology\/"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Atao\u011flu E, Tiftik T, Kara M, et al. Effects of chronic pain on quality of life and depression in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2013;51(1):23-26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2012.51","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.51"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mashola MK, Mothabeng DJ. Associations between health behaviour, secondary health conditions and quality of life in people with spinal cord injury. Afr J Disabil. 2019;8:463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ajod.v8i0.463","DOI":"10.4102\/ajod.v8i0.463"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ditor DS, Latimer AE, Ginis KA, et al. Maintenance of exercise participation in individuals with spinal cord injury: Effects on quality of life, stress and pain. Spinal Cord. 2003;41(8):446-450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.sc.3101487","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101487"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cardenas DD, Felix ER. Pain after spinal cord injury: A review of classification, treatment approaches, and treatment assessment. PM&R. 2009;1(12):1077-1090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.07.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.07.002"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tran J, Dorstyn DS, Burke AL. Psychosocial aspects of spinal cord injury pain: A meta-analysis. Spinal Cord. 2016;54(9):640-648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2016.66","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.66"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stanos S, Brodsky M, Argoff C, et al. Rethinking chronic pain in a primary care setting. Postgrad Med. 2016;128(5):502-515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00325481.2016.1188319","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2016.1188319"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pilusa S, Myezwa H, Potterton J. Exploring prevention and management of secondary health conditions in people with spinal cord injury in South Africa. Int J Ther Rehabil. 2021;28(12):1-10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/ijtr.2021.0005","DOI":"10.12968\/ijtr.2021.0005"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mulroy SJ, Thompson L, Kemp B, et al. Strengthening and optimal movements for painful shoulders (STOMPS) in chronic spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2011;91(3):305-324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20100182","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100182"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Straaten MG, Cloud BA, Zhao KD, et al. Maintaining shoulder health after spinal cord injury: A guide to understanding treatments for shoulder pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98(5):1061-1063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.10.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.10.005"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Widerstr\u00f6m-Noga E, Biering-S\u00f8rensen F, Bryce TN, et al. The international spinal cord injury pain extended data set (Version 1.0). Spinal Cord. 2016;54(11):1036-1046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2016.51","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.51"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guy S, Mehta S, Leff L, et al. Anticonvulsant medication use for the management of pain following spinal cord injury: Systematic review and effectiveness analysis. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(2):89-96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2013.146","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.146"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cratsenberg KA, Deitrick CE, Harrington TK, et al. Effectiveness of exercise programs for management of shoulder pain in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2015;39(4):197-203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000103","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000103"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Darnall BD, Carr DB, Schatman ME. Pain psychology and the biopsychosocial model of pain treatment: Ethical imperatives and social responsibility. Pain Med. 2017;18(8):1413-1415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnw166","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw166"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schaffler J, Leung K, Tremblay S, et al. The effectiveness of self-management interventions for individuals with low health literacy and\/or low income: A descriptive systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(4):510-523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-017-4265-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4265-x"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marks R, Allegrante JP, Lorig K. A review and synthesis of research evidence for self-efficacy-enhancing interventions for reducing chronic disability: Implications for health education practice (part I). Health Promot Pract. 2005;6(1):37-43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524839904266790","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839904266790"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bodenheimer T, Lorig K, Holman H, et al. Patient self-management of chronic disease in primary care. JAMA. 2002;288(19):2469-2475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.288.19.2469","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.19.2469"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kroll T, Neri MT, Ho PS. Secondary conditions in spinal cord injury: Results from a prospective survey. Disabil Rehabil. 2007;29(15):1229-1237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638280600950603","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280600950603"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barlow J, Wright C, Sheasby J, et al. Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: A review. Patient Educ Couns. 2002;48(2):177-187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0738-3991(02)00032-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-3991(02)00032-0"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gordon K, Rice H, Allcock N, et al. Barriers to self-management of chronic pain in primary care: A qualitative focus group study. Br J Gen Pract. 2017;67(656):e209-e217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399\/bjgp17X688825","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp17X688825"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cadel L, DeLuca C, Hitzig SL, et al. Self-management of pain and depression in adults with spinal cord injury: A scoping review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020;43(3):280-297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10790268.2018.1523776","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2018.1523776"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grady PA, Gough LL. Self-management: A comprehensive approach to management of chronic conditions. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(8):e25-e31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302041","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302041"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lorig KR, Holman H. Self-management education: History, definition, outcomes, and mechanisms. Ann Behav Med. 2003;26(1):1-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15324796ABM2601_01","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2601_01"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Liddy C, Blazkho V, Mill K. Challenges of self-management when living with multiple chronic conditions: Systematic review of the qualitative literature. Can Fam Physician. 2014;60(12):1123-1133. https:\/\/www.cfp.ca\/content\/60\/12\/1123.short"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Devan H, Hale L, Hempel D, et al. What works and does not work in a self-management intervention for people with chronic pain? Qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis. Phys Ther. 2018;98(5):381-397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzy029","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy029"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mann EG, Lefort S, Vandenkerkhof EG. Self-management interventions for chronic pain. Pain Manag. 2013;3(3):211-222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/pmt.13.9","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt.13.9"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Munce SE, Webster F, Fehlings MG, et al. Perceived facilitators and barriers to self-management in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury: A qualitative descriptive study. BMC Neurol. 2014;14:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2377-14-48","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-14-48"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eubank BH, Mohtadi NG, Lafave MR, et al. Using the modified Delphi method to establish clinical consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with rotator cuff pathology. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2016;16:56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-016-0165-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0165-8"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Landeta J. Current validity of the Delphi method in social sciences. Technol Forecast Soc Change. 2006;73(5):467-482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2005.09.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2005.09.002"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McPherson S, Reese C, Wendler MC. Methodology update: Delphi studies. Nurs Res. 2018;67(5):404-410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000297","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000297"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meshkat B, Cowman S, Gethin G, et al. Using an e-Delphi technique in achieving consensus across disciplines for developing best practice in day surgery in Ireland. J Hosp Adm. 2014;3(4):1-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/jha.v3n4p1","DOI":"10.5430\/jha.v3n4p1"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mashola MK, Korkie E, Mothabeng DJ. The presence of pain in community-dwelling South African manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury. S Afr J Physiother. 2022;78(1):1600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajp.v78i1.1600","DOI":"10.4102\/sajp.v78i1.1600"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mashola MK, Korkie E, Mothabeng DJ. Pain and its impact on functioning and disability in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury: a protocol for a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(1):e044152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044152","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044152"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J\u00fcnger S, Payne SA, Brine J, et al. Guidance on conducting and eEporting sElphi studies (CREDES) in palliative care: Recommendations based on a methodological systematic review. Palliat Med. 2017;31(8):684-706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269216317690685","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216317690685"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clibbens N, Walters S, Baird W. Delphi research: Issues raised by a pilot study. Nurse Res. 2012;19(2):37-44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7748\/cnp.v1.i7.pg21","DOI":"10.7748\/nr2012.01.19.2.37.c8907"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erlingsson C, Brysiewicz P. A hands-on guide to doing content analysis. Afr J Emerg Med. 2017;7(3):93-99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.afjem.2017.08.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2017.08.001"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brady SR. Utilizing and adapting the delphi method for use in qualitative research. Int J Qual Methods. 2015;14(5):1-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1609406915621381","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406915621381"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Navein J, Coupland R, Dunn R. The tourniquet controversy. J Trauma. 2003;54(5):S219-S20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.TA.0000047202.16935.E9","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000047202.16935.E9"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rothemeyer SJ, Enslin JN. Surgical management of pain. S Afr Med J. 2016;106(9):858-860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7196\/samj.2016.v106i9.11366","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2016.v106i9.11366"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pickering G, Est\u00e8ve V, Loriot MA, et al. Acetaminophen reinforces descending inhibitory pain pathways. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;84(1):47-51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100403","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100403"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teasell RW, Mehta S, Aubut JA, et al. A systematic review of pharmacologic treatments of pain after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(5):816-831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.01.022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.01.022"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davari M, Amani B, Amani B, et al. Pregabalin and gabapentin in neuropathic pain management after spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J Pain. 2020;33(1):3-12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3344\/kjp.2020.33.1.3","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2020.33.1.3"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baltenberger EP, Buterbaugh WM, Martin BS, et al. Review of antidepressants in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Ment Health Clin. 2015;5(3):123-133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9740\/mhc.2015.05.123","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2015.05.123"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wright SL. Limited utility for benzodiazepines in chronic pain management: A narrative review. Adv Ther. 2020;37(6):2604-2619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-020-01354-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01354-6"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jackson KC. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain. Pain Pract. 2006;6(1):27-33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2006.00055.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2006.00055.x"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stanos SP. Topical agents for the management of musculoskeletal pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007;33(3):342-355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2006.11.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2006.11.005"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stillman M, Capron M, Mallow M, et al. Utilization of medicinal cannabis for pain by individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2019;5:66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41394-019-0208-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-019-0208-6"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nabata KJ, Tse EK, Nightingale TE, et al. The therapeutic potential and usage patterns of cannabinoids in people with spinal cord injuries: A systematic review. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021;19(3):402-432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159X18666200420085712","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200420085712"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jensen MP, Barber J, Romano JM, et al. Effects of self-hypnosis training and EMG biofeedback relaxation training on chronic pain in persons with spinal-cord injury. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2009;57(3):239-268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207140902881007","DOI":"10.1080\/00207140902881007"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Netchanok S, Wendy M, Marie C, et al. The effectiveness of Swedish massage and traditional Thai massage in treating chronic low back pain: A review of the literature. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2012;18(4):227-234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctcp.2012.07.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2012.07.001"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heo I, Shin BC, Kim YD, et al. Acupuncture for spinal cord injury and its complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:364216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/364216","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/364216"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lundwall A, Ryman A, Bjarneg\u00e5rd Sellius A, et al. Pain requires processing - How the experience of pain is influenced by basic body awareness therapy in patients with long-term pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2019;23(4):701-707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbmt.2019.02.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2019.02.006"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali MN, Sethi K, Noohu MM. Comparison of two mobilization techniques in management of chronic non-specific low back pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2019;23(4):918-923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbmt.2019.02.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2019.02.020"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hing W, Bigelow R, Bremner T. Mulligan's mobilization with movement: A systematic review. J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17(2):39E-66E. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/jmt.2009.17.2.39E","DOI":"10.1179\/jmt.2009.17.2.39E"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geneen LJ, Moore RA, Clarke C, et al. Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: An overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;4(4):CD011279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD011279.pub3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011279.pub3"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Costello M, Puentedura ELJ, Cleland J, et al. The immediate effects of soft tissue mobilization versus therapeutic ultrasound for patients with neck and arm pain with evidence of neural mechanosensitivity: A randomized clinical trial. J Man Manip Ther. 2016;24(3):128-140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/2042618614Y.0000000083","DOI":"10.1179\/2042618614Y.0000000083"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Alencar Caldas VV, Maciel DG, Cerqueira MS, et al. Effect of pain education, cryotherapy, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the pain, functional capacity, and quality of life in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2021;100(3):243-249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001552","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001552"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fuentes JP, Armijo Olivo S, Magee DJ, et al. Effectiveness of interferential current therapy in the management of musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther. 2010; 90(9):1219-1238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20090335","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090335"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anju M, Maiya AG, Hande M. Low level laser therapy for the patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy - A systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(4):2667-2670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.07.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.07.035"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Celik EC, Erhan B, Gunduz B, et al. The effect of low-frequency TENS in the treatment of neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2013;51(4):334-337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2012.159","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.159"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kietrys DM, Palombaro KM, Azzaretto E, et al. Effectiveness of dry needling for upper-quarter myofascial pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2013;43(9):620-634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2013.4668","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.4668"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Patel K, Sutherland H, Henshaw J, et al. Effects of neurofeedback in the management of chronic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Eur J Pain. 2020;24(8):1440-1457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1612","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1612"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andersen TE, Ellegaard H, Schi\u00f8ttz-Christensen B, et al. Somatic Experiencing\u00ae for patients with low back pain and comorbid posttraumatic stress symptoms - A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2020;11(1):1797306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2020.1797306","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1797306"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muzik O, Reilly KT, Diwadkar VA. \"Brain over body\" - A study on the willful regulation of autonomic function during cold exposure. Neuroimage. 2018;172:632-641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.067"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Su Y, Lim EC. Does evidence support the use of neural tissue management to reduce pain and disability in nerve-related chronic musculoskeletal pain?: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin J Pain. 2016;32(11):991-1004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000340","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000340"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burns AS, Delparte JJ, Ballantyne EC, et al. Evaluation of an interdisciplinary program for chronic pain after spinal cord injury. PM&R. 2013;5(10):832-838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2013.05.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2013.05.004"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alahmari KA, Rengaramanujam K, Reddy RS, et al. The immediate and short-term effects of dynamic taping on pain, endurance, disability, mobility and kinesiophobia in individuals with chronic non-specific low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2020;15(9):e0239505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0239505","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239505"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lynning M, Svane C, Westergaard K, et al. Tension and trauma releasing exercises for people with multiple sclerosis - An exploratory pilot study. J Tradit Complement Med. 2021;11(5):383-389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcme.2021.02.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2021.02.003"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Namdari S, Horneff JG, Baldwin K, et al. Muscle releases to improve passive motion and relieve pain in patients with spastic hemiplegia and elbow flexion contractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21(10):1357-1362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2011.09.029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.09.029"},{"key":"ref75","unstructured":"Dang D, Dearholt SL. Johns Hopkins nursing evidence-based practice: Model & guidelines. 3rd ed. Indianapolis: Sigma Theta Tau International; 2018."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gargon E, Crew R, Burnside G, et al. Higher number of items associated with significantly lower response rates in COS Delphi surveys. J Clin Epidemiol. 2019;108:110-120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.12.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.12.010"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Veugelers R, Gaakeer MI, Patka P, et al. Improving design choices in Delphi studies in medicine: The case of an exemplary physician multi-round panel study with 100% response. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020;20(1):156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-020-01029-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01029-4"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zale EL, Maisto SA, Ditre JW. Interrelations between pain and alcohol: An integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;37:57-71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.02.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.02.005"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parkerson HA, Zvolensky MJ, Asmundson GJ. Understanding the relationship between smoking and pain. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13(12):1407-1414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14737175.2013.859524","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2013.859524"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richardson EJ, Richards JS, Stewart CC, et al. Effects of nicotine on spinal cord injury pain: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled crossover trial. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2012;18(2):101-105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1310\/sci1802-101","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1802-101"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Todd KR, Lawrason SVC, Shaw RB, et al. Physical activity interventions, chronic pain, and subjective well-being among persons with spinal cord injury: A systematic scoping review. Spinal Cord. 2021;59(2):93-104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-020-00550-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-00550-z"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ginis KA, Latimer AE, McKechnie K, et al. Using exercise to enhance subjective well-being among people with spinal cord injury: The mediating influences of stress and pain. Rehabil Psychol. 2003;48(3):157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0090-5550.48.3.157","DOI":"10.1037\/0090-5550.48.3.157"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tawashy AE, Eng JJ, Lin KH, et al. Physical activity is related to lower levels of pain, fatigue and depression in individuals with spinal-cord injury: A correlational study. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(4):301-306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2008.120","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.120"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davari M, Amani B, Amani B, et al. Pregabalin and gabapentin in neuropathic pain management after spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J Pain. 2020;33(1):3-12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3344\/kjp.2020.33.1.3","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2020.33.1.3"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shiao R, Lee-Kubli CA. Neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: Challenges and research perspectives. Neurotherapeutics. 2018;15(3):635-653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-018-0633-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0633-4"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaufmann CP, Tremp R, Hersberger KE, Lampert ML. Inappropriate prescribing: A systematic overview of published assessment tools. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;70(1):1-11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-013-1575-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-013-1575-8"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Curtin D, Gallagher PF, O'Mahony D. Explicit criteria as clinical tools to minimize inappropriate medication use and its consequences. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2019;10:1-10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2042098619829431","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098619829431"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clark JM, Cao Y, Krause JS. Risk of pain medication misuse after spinal cord injury: The role of substance use, personality, and depression. J Pain. 2017;18(2):166-177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.10.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.10.011"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kam PC, Kavanagh R, Yoong FF. The arterial tourniquet: Pathophysiological consequences and anaesthetic implications. Anaesthesia. 2001;56(8):821. [published correction appears in Anaesthesia]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2001.01982.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2001.01982.x"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Evans RW, Ganda J, Van Schalkwyk L, Fabricius DL, Cornelissen M. Blood flow restriction training in South Africa - A panel discussion. S Afr J Sports Med. 2022;34(1):v34i1a14796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17159\/2078-516X\/2022\/v34i1a14796","DOI":"10.17159\/2078-516X\/2022\/v34i1a14796"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bourke JA, Catherwood VJ, Nunnerley JL, et al. Using cannabis for pain management after spinal cord injury: A qualitative study. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2019;5:82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41394-019-0227-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-019-0227-3"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stillman M, Capron M, Mallow M, et al. Utilization of medicinal cannabis for pain by individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2019;5:66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41394-019-0208-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-019-0208-6"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cuijpers P, De Graaf I, Bohlmeijer E. Adapting and disseminating effective public health interventions in another country: Towards a systematic approach. Eur J Public Health. 2005;15(2):166-169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/cki124","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cki124"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Danilov A, Danilov A, Barulin A, et al. Interdisciplinary approach to chronic pain management. Postgrad Med. 2020;132(suppl. 3):5-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00325481.2020.1757305","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2020.1757305"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gatchel RJ, McGeary DD, McGeary CA, et al. Interdisciplinary chronic pain management: Past, present, and future. Am Psychol. 2014;69(2):119-130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0035514","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035514"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hasson F, Keeney S, McKenna H. Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. J Adv Nurs. 2000;32(4):1008-1015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bourbeau J, Nault D, Dang-Tan T. Self-management and behaviour modification in COPD. Patient Educ Couns. 2004;52(3):271-277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0738-3991(03)00102-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-3991(03)00102-2"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dorstyn D, Mathias J, Denson L. Applications of telecounselling in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: A systematic review with effect sizes. Clin Rehabil. 2013;27(12):1072-1083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269215513488001","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215513488001"}],"container-title":["African Journal of Primary Health Care &amp; Family Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/phcfm.org\/index.php\/phcfm\/article\/viewFile\/4039\/6578","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/phcfm.org\/index.php\/phcfm\/article\/viewFile\/4039\/6579","content-type":"application\/epub+zip","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/phcfm.org\/index.php\/phcfm\/article\/viewFile\/4039\/6580","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/phcfm.org\/index.php\/phcfm\/article\/viewFile\/4039\/6581","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/phcfm.org\/index.php\/phcfm\/article\/viewFile\/4039\/6581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T13:22:23Z","timestamp":1744723343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.phcfm.org\/index.php\/PHCFM\/article\/view\/4039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/phcfm.v15i1.4039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-2936","2071-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-2936","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2071-2928","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]}}}