{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:47:21Z","timestamp":1792270041679,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["African Journal of Primary Health Care &amp; Family Medicine"],"DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v15i1.4080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T13:40:57Z","timestamp":1697463657000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Risk factors for sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Matshidiso A.","family":"Malefo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olalekan","family":"Ayo-Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathildah M.","family":"Mokgatle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cohen MS, Council OD, Chen JS. Sexually transmitted infections and HIV in the era of antiretroviral treatment and prevention: The biologic basis for epidemiologic synergy. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22(suppl. 6):e25355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.25355","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25355"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ward H, R\u00f6nn M. Contribution of sexually transmitted infections to the sexual transmission of HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010;5(4):305-310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/COH.0b013e32833a8844","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32833a8844"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rebe K, Lewis D, Myer L, et al. A Cross sectional analysis of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among men-who-have-sex-with-men in Cape Town, South Africa. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0138315","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138315"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Liere G, Kock MM, Radebe O, et al. High rate of repeat sexually transmitted diseases among men who have sex with men in South Africa: A prospective cohort study. Sex Trans Dis. 2019;46(11):e105e107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001041","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001041"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lewis DA, Pillay C, Mohlamonyane O, et al. The burden of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections among men in Carletonville, South Africa: Implications for syndromic management. Sex Trans Infect. 2008;84(5):371-376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sti.2008.029751","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.029751"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rieg G, Lewis RJ, Miller LG, Witt MD, Guerrero M, Daar ES. Asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections in HIV-infected men who have sex with men: Prevalence, incidence, predictors, and screening strategies. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2008;22(12):947-954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apc.2007.0240","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2007.0240"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sanders EJ, Thiong'o AN, Okuku HS, et al. High prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among HIV-1 negative men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya. Sex Trans Infect. 2010;86(6):440-441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sti.2010.043224","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2010.043224"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jones J, Sanchez TH, Dominguez K, et al. Sexually transmitted infection screening, prevalence and incidence among South African men and transgender women who have sex with men enrolled in a combination HIV prevention cohort study: the Sibanye Methods for Prevention Packages Programme (MP3) project. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23(suppl. 6):e25594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.25594","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25594"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ong JJ, Fethers K, Howden BP, et al. Asymptomatic and symptomatic urethral gonorrhoea in men who have sex with men attending a sexual health service. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(8):555-559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.02.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.02.020"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blondeel K, Say L, Chou D, et al. Evidence and knowledge gaps on the disease burden in sexual and gender minorities: A review of systematic reviews. Int J Equity Health. 2016;15:16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-016-0304-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-016-0304-1"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Mitchell H, Allen H, Sonubi T, et al. Sexually transmitted infections and screening for chlamydia in England, 2019. London: Public Health England; 2020."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mayer KH, Wheeler DP, Bekker LG, et al. Overcoming biological, behavioral, and structural vulnerabilities: New directions in research to decrease HIV transmission in men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Def Syndr (1999). 2013;63(02 suppl. 2):S161-S167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318298700e","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318298700e"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spinner CD, Boesecke C, Jordan C, et al. Prevalence of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections in HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Germany: Results of a multicentre cross-sectional study. Infection. 2018;46(3):341-347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-018-1124-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1124-6"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lane T, Raymond HF, Dladla S, et al. High HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men in Soweto, South Africa: Results from the Soweto Men's Study. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(3):626-634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-009-9598-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9598-y"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burrell E, Mark D, Grant R, Wood R, Bekker LG. Sexual risk behaviours and HIV-1 prevalence among urban men who have sex with men in Cape Town, South Africa. Sex Health. 2010;7(2):149-153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/SH09090","DOI":"10.1071\/SH09090"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siegler AJ, Voux A, Phaswana-Mafuya N, et al. Elements of condom-use decision making among South African men who have sex with men. J Int Assoc Prov AIDS Care. 2014;13(5):414-423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2325957414535979","DOI":"10.1177\/2325957414535979"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williams PP, Carney T, Parry CDH. Reducing substance use and sexual risk behaviour among men who have sex with men in South Africa. S Afr J Sci. 2016;112(9\/10):1-5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17159\/sajs.2016\/20150425","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2016\/20150425"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Unemo M, Bradshaw CS, Hocking JS, et al. Sexually transmitted infections: Challenges ahead. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(8):e235-e279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30310-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30310-9"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Council SANA. National strategic plan on HIV, STIs and TB 2012-2016 [homepage on the Internet]. Pretoria: South Africa; 2011 [cited 26 Sept 2018]. Available from: http:\/\/www.sanac.org.za\/files\/uploaded\/NSP8-12.pdf"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Eluwa GI, Sylvia A, Luchters S, Ahonsi B. HIV risk perception and risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in Nigeria. J AIDS Clin Res. 2015;6(7):1."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mmbaga EJ, Dodo MJ, Leyna GH, Moen K, Leshabari MT. Sexual practices and perceived susceptibility to HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Dar Es Salaam, mainland Tanzania. J AIDS Clin Res. 2012;2012:1-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2155-6113.S1-012","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6113.S1-012"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Raosoft. Raosoft sample size calculator [homepage on the Internet] 2004 [cited 10 June 2020]. Available from: http:\/\/www.raosoft.com\/samplesize.html"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Budkaew J, Chumworathayi B, Pientong C, Ekalaksananan T. Prevalence and factors associated with gonorrhea infection with respect to anatomic distributions among men who have sex with men. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0211682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0211682","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211682"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maduna LD, Kock MM, Van der Veer B, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from high-risk men in Johannesburg, South Africa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00906-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00906-20"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ross MW, Nyoni J, Ahaneku HO, Mbwambo J, McClelland RS, McCurdy SA. High HIV seroprevalence, rectal STIs and risky sexual behaviour in men who have sex with men in Dar es Salaam and Tanga, Tanzania. BMJ Open. 2014;4(8):e006175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006175","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006175"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Turner AN, Reese PC, Ervin M, Davis JA, Fields KS, Bazan JA. HIV, rectal chlamydia, and rectal gonorrhea in men who have sex with men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in a midwestern US city. Sex Trans Dis. 2013;40(6):433-438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31828fd163","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31828fd163"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ye ZH, Chen S, Liu F, et al. Patterns of sexually transmitted co-infections and associated factors among men who have sex with men: A cross-sectional study in Shenyang, China. Front Public Health. 2022;10:842644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.842644","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.842644"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Read TRH, Murray GL, Danielewski JA, et al. Symptoms, sites, and significance of Mycoplasma genitalium in men who have sex with men. Emerg Infect Diseases. 2019;25(4):719-727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2504.181258","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2504.181258"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dudareva-Vizule S, Haar K, Sailer A, Wisplinghoff H, Wisplinghoff F, Marcus U. Prevalence of pharyngeal and rectal Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men who have sex with men in Germany. Sex Trans Infect. 2014;90(1):46-51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050929","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050929"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hakim AJ, Iwamoto C, Badman SG, et al. High prevalence of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea and the need for sexually transmitted infection testing among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Papua New Guinea. Sex Trans Dis. 2021;48(2):109-117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001300","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001300"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kent CK, Chaw JK, Wong W, et al. Prevalence of rectal, urethral, and pharyngeal chlamydia and gonorrhea detected in 2 clinical settings among men who have sex with men: San Francisco, California, 2003. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(1):67-74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/430704","DOI":"10.1086\/430704"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saxon C, Hughes G, Ison C. Asymptomatic Lymphogranuloma Venereum in men who have sex with men, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(1):112-116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/EID2201.141867","DOI":"10.3201\/EID2201.141867"}],"container-title":["African Journal of Primary Health Care &amp; Family Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T13:02:25Z","timestamp":1744722145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.phcfm.org\/index.php\/PHCFM\/article\/view\/4080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/phcfm.v15i1.4080","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-2936","2071-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-2936","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2071-2928","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]}}}