{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:13:21Z","timestamp":1787764401937,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733270400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of mortality in low-resource settings and poses a diagnostic challenge in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative populations because of limitations in traditional diagnostic methods such as sputum smear microscopy (SSM) and sputum Xpert Ultra. There is a lack of effective, non-invasive diagnostic options for TB diagnosis in HIV-negative populations. This scoping review explores the potential of urinary lipoarabinomannan (ULAM) as a point-of-care diagnostic tool for\u00a0Mycobacterium tuberculosis\u00a0(MTB) in HIV-negative individuals.\n\nAim:\u00a0To evaluate the diagnostic performance of ULAM in detecting TB among HIV-negative populations and assess its feasibility as a rapid, non-invasive diagnostic method.\n\nMethod:\u00a0A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus. Articles were selected based on relevance to the topic.\n\nResults:\u00a0The search yielded 210 articles, with 11 meeting our inclusion criteria. These studies reported varying diagnostic performance metrics for ULAM: sensitivity ranged from 10.0% to 66.7% and specificity from 90.0% to 98.1% among different assays. Notably, the studies demonstrated that the novel assays such as Electrochemiluminescence LAM and the second-generation FujiLAM showed higher sensitivities of 66.7% and 53.2%, respectively. Despite these advancements, the overall effectiveness of ULAM in HIV-negative populations remains limited, with standard assays exhibiting sensitivities as low as 10.0%.\n\nConclusion:\u00a0While ULAM holds potential as a diagnostic tool in HIV-associated TB, its application in HIV-negative populations is constrained by low sensitivity of the currently available assays.\n\nContribution:\u00a0The development and validation of high-sensitivity assays are crucial for broadening the utility of ULAM in these populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v16i1.4733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T19:46:36Z","timestamp":1733341596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Urinary lipoarabinomannan for diagnosis of Tuberculosis in an HIV-negative population: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2348-5288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omishka","family":"Hirachund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5604-645X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somasundram","family":"Pillay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzfn040","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"WHO. Global tuberculosis report 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correction to lancet infect dis 2023; published online Sept 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(23)00372-9. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2023 Nov;23(11):E467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(23)00625-4","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00625-4"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suwanpimolkul G, Kawkitinarong K, Manosuthi W, et al. Utility of urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in diagnosing tuberculosis and predicting mortality with and without HIV: Prospective TB cohort from the Thailand Big City TB Research Network. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;59:96\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.04.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.04.017"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horne DJ, Kohli M, Zifodya JS, et al. 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Int Med Case Rep J. 2022;15:393\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IMCRJ.S373197","DOI":"10.2147\/IMCRJ.S373197"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konar KD, Chetty RR, Konar S, Pillay S. Carbapenem resistance among HIV-infected patients: A scoping review. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect. 2023;10(4):166\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/ajcmi.3505","DOI":"10.34172\/ajcmi.3505"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vasconcellos K, Ramjathan P, Singh D. The utility of point-of-care urinary lipoarabinomannan testing for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in critically ill patients: A prospective observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-05979-y","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05979-y"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broger T, Nicol MP, Sigal GB, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 3 urine lipoarabinomannan tuberculosis assays in HIV-negative outpatients. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(11):5756\u20135764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci140461","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI140461"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achkar JM, Lawn SD, Moosa M-YS, Wright CA, Kasprowicz VO. Adjunctive tests for diagnosis of tuberculosis: Serology, ELISPOT for site-specific lymphocytes, urinary lipoarabinomannan, string test, and fine needle aspiration. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(Suppl. 4):S1130\u2013S1141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jir450","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir450"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah M, Variava E, Holmes CB, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a urine lipoarabinomannan test for tuberculosis in hospitalized patients in a high HIV prevalence setting. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52(2):145\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181b98430","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181b98430"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Mutetwa R, Boehme C, Dimairo M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of commercial urinary lipoarabinomannan detection in African tuberculosis suspects and patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13(10):1253\u20131259."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reither K, Saathoff E, Jung J, et al. Low sensitivity of a urine LAM-ELISA in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. 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