{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:21:18Z","timestamp":1785421278834,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including hypertension (HTN), have emerged among people living with HIV (PLHIV) as the most important prevalent contributors of non-AIDS-related mortality. Moreover, HTN itself is a modifiable risk factor for other CVDs. Data are limited regarding the prevalence of HTN and associated factors among PLHIV in Lesotho.\n\nAim: To determine the prevalence of HTN and associated factors among PLHIV attending Senkatana ART Clinic.\n\nSetting: The study was carried out at Senkatana ART Clinic in urban Maseru, Lesotho.\n\nMethods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to July 2022. Data were analysed using SAS statistical software (v9.4) and Microsoft Excel. To determine HTN prevalence, blood pressure (BP) was measured, and a questionnaire was administered to participants who were randomly selected using the lottery method from the clinic\u2019s daily attendance list. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with HTN in PLHIV while controlling for potentially confounding factors.\n\nResults: The prevalence of HTN was 57% (exact 95% CI: 51.2%, 62.7%). Of those with HTN, 33.3% were newly diagnosed during this study (exact 95% CI: 26.3%, 40.9%), while 69% of those previously diagnosed with HTN had uncontrolled HTN at enrollment (exact 95% CI: 60.0%, 77.6%). Age older than 50 years (p &lt; 0.0001) and a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 kg\/m2 or higher (p &lt; 0.0002) were independently associated with HTN.\n\nConclusion: Hypertension was highly prevalent and poorly controlled. Factors associated with HTN in PLHIV were older age and higher BMI. The study\u2019s findings support models of comprehensive healthcare delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v17i1.4813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T07:06:35Z","timestamp":1753081595000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in people living with HIV at Senkatana Clinic Maseru"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4392-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mosa","family":"Selebalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8662-7303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bryden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0078xmk34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Montana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8934-4181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0457zbj98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6258-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manne-Goehler J, Siedner MJ, Montana L, et al. Hypertension and diabetes control along the HIV care cascade in rural South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22(3):e25213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.25213","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25213"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bigna JJ, Ndoadoumgue AL, Nansseu JR, et al. Global burden of hypertension among people living with HIV in the era of increased life expectancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2020;38(9):1659\u20131668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002446","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002446"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, et al. International society of hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75(6):1334\u20131357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dechasa M, Nigussie S, Jambo A, et al. The magnitude of hypertension and its contributing factors among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in public hospitals in Harar City, Eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Integr Blood Press Control. 2023;16:81\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IBPC.S433907","DOI":"10.2147\/IBPC.S433907"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assogba CO, Ale BM, Youm E, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among people living with HIV\/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy in Benin\u2019s National Teaching Hospital. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):17035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-64212-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64212-3"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global report on hypertension: The race against a silent killer. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoruk A, Boulos PK, Bisognano JD. The state of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: Review and commentary. Am J Hypertens. 2018;31(4):387\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpx196","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpx196"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiseha T, Belete AG, Dereje H, Dires A. Hypertension in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Northeast Ethiopia. Int J Hypertens. 2019;2019:4103604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/4103604","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4103604"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dakum P, Kayode GA, Abimiku AL, et al. Prevalence of hypertension among patients aged 50 and older living with human immunodeficiency virus. Medicine. 2019;98(15):e15024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000015024","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015024"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutemwa M, Peer N, De Villiers A, et al. Prevalence, detection, treatment, and control of hypertension in HIV-infected patients attending HIV clinics in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Medicine. 2018;97(35):e12121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000012121","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012121"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuro U, Oladimeji KE, Pulido-Estrada GA, Apalata TR. Risk factors attributable to hypertension among HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in selected rural districts of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(18):11196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191811196","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811196"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batavia AS, Severe P, Lee MH, et al. Blood pressure and mortality in a prospective cohort of HIV-infected adults in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. J Hypertens. 2018;36(7):1533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001723","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001723"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bigna JJ, Noubiap J. Global burden of hypertension in people living with HIV. BMC Med. 2021;19(1):112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-021-01981-y","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01981-y"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Lesotho Ministry of Health (MOH). Lesotho Population-based HIV Impact Assessment 2020 (LePHIA 2020): Final Report. Maseru: MOH; 2022."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Non-communicable diseases country profiles 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X, Cheng Z. Cross-sectional studies: Strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. Chest. 2020;158(1):S65\u2013S71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.012"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Chirico F. Cross-sectional studies in occupational health research: An overview of strengths and limitations. G Ital Psicol Med Lav. 2023;3(3):86\u201393."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. SAS\/STAT\u00ae 15.3 User\u2019s Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 2023."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okyere J, Ayebeng C, Owusu BA, Dickson KS. Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among older people living with HIV in South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-14091-y","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14091-y"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brennan AT, Jamieson L, Crowther NJ, et al. Prevalence, incidence, predictors, treatment, and control of hypertension among HIV-positive adults on antiretroviral treatment in public sector treatment programs in South Africa. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0204020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0204020","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204020"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebrie A. Hypertension among people living with human immunodeficiency virus receiving care at referral hospitals of Northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0238114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238114","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238114"}],"container-title":["African Journal of Primary Health Care &amp; Family Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T07:06:39Z","timestamp":1753081599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/phcfm.org\/index.php\/phcfm\/article\/view\/4813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/phcfm.v17i1.4813","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-2928","2071-2936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-2928","type":"print"},{"value":"2071-2936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"article-number":"a4813"}}