{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:15:59Z","timestamp":1785424559230,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global health issue among ageing populations, driven by increasing diabetes and hypertension. Managing advanced stages of CKD with dialysis or transplants is costly. Early stages often have no symptoms, making early detection important for prevention. Primary care providers can help identify and manage CKD early by performing annual screening for high-risk patients, including blood pressure checks, urine tests for albuminuria or proteinuria and estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine. For those with CKD, renal protective measures are essential to slow disease progression. This narrative review highlights the critical role of primary care providers in the comprehensive and integrated CKD management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/safp.v68i1.6276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T08:15:01Z","timestamp":1778141701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Primary Health Care approach to managing chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9658-3826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramprakash","family":"Kaswa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02svzjn28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Walter Sisulu University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0879-4007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swati","family":"Meel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netcare Greenacres Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"Mark PB, Stafford LK, Grams ME, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease in adults, 1990\u20132023, and its attributable risk factors: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Lancet [serial online]. 2025 [cited 2025 Sep 05];406(10518):2461\u20132482. Available from: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0140673625018537"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonelli M, Meda RL, Abdijalil G, et al. Implementing the commitments of the WHO kidney health resolution: Initial steps in 3 diverse settings. Kidney Int. 2025;108(6):969\u2013977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2025.09.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.09.008"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davids MR, Chothia MY. Chronic kidney disease for the primary care clinician. S Afr Fam Pract. 2019;61(5):19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/safp.v61i5.4941","DOI":"10.4102\/safp.v61i5.4941"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int [serial online]. 2024 [cited 2025 Sep 25];105(4S):S117\u2013S314. Available from: https:\/\/www.kidney-international.org\/article\/S0085-2538(23)00766-4\/fulltext"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davison SN, Pommer W, Brown MA, et al. Conservative kidney management and kidney supportive care: Core components of integrated care for people with kidney failure. Kidney Int. 2024;105(1):35\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.001"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramkelawan V, Mbeje PN, Mtshali NG. 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PHC chapter 8: Kidney and urological disorders [homepage on the Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Sep 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.health.gov.za\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/PHC-Chapter-8_Kidney-Urological-Disorders-with-supporting-NEMLC-report-2020-4_V1.0-17-October-2024.pdf"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrell DR, Vassalotti JA. Screening, identifying, and treating chronic kidney disease: Why, who, when, how, and what? BMC Nephrol. 2024;25(1):34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-024-03466-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03466-5"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheo SW, Low QJ, Lim TH, Mak WW, Chow AKY, Wong KW. A practical approach to chronic kidney disease in primary care. Malays Fam Physician. 2022;17(1):10\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51866\/rv1186","DOI":"10.51866\/rv1186"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okpechi IG, Bello AK, Luyckx VA, Wearne N, Swanepoel CR, Jha V. 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