{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:21:08Z","timestamp":1791724868532,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A few studies have explored the life experiences of people who stutter. Research has shown that stuttering affects a significant number of people in the population.\n\nObjectives: The study was designed to explore the experiences of people who stutter and the perception of stuttering in South Africa.\n\nMethod: Four people who identified as South Africans who stutter participated in this study. The primary investigator conducted semi-structured interviews with each of the participants. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to 20 acquaintances of all the participants. Transcriptions of interviews and results of questionnaires were analysed for major and minor themes.\n\nResults: Results of this study suggest different perceptions by those who stutter and those acquainted with them. The findings of the study show that people who stutter experience communication barriers, so they adopt certain strategies to manage and cope with their speech disorder. The findings showed that stuttering has a pervasive impact on the lives of people who stutter and how they view themselves, considering negative societal views.\n\nConclusion: Evaluation of the results from the study reveals that although stuttering is a common speech disorder, many people who are less informed about it harbour various stereotypes and myths that stigmatise stuttering. This study concludes by outlining recommendations for creating awareness of stuttering. It suggests vigorous campaigns aiming at promoting a multilevel approach that extends beyond the mere social and professional understanding of stuttering but addresses the inherent perceptions, myths, and stereotypes around stuttering.\n\nContribution: Experiences of people who stutter and perceptions towards stuttering can help to better understand the speech disorder and overcome myths and stereotyping of stuttering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/sajcd.v71i1.1008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T09:39:08Z","timestamp":1710149948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Communicative practices and perceptions towards stuttering people in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9578-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rockie","family":"Sibanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04z6c2n17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Johannesburg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1996-3133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tlou C.","family":"Mothapo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04z6c2n17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Johannesburg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdalla, F.A., & St. Louis, K.O. (2012). Arab schoolteachers\u2019 knowledge, beliefs and reactions regarding stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 37(1), 54\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2011.11.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2011.11.007"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrahams, K., Harty, M., St. Louis, K.O., Thabane, L., & Kathard, H. (2016). Primary school teachers\u2019 opinions and attitudes towards stuttering in two South African urban education districts. South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 63(1), a157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajcd.v63i1.157","DOI":"10.4102\/sajcd.v63i1.157"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alm, P.A. (2004). Stuttering and the basal ganglia circuits: A critical review of possible relations. Journal of Communication Disorders, 37(4), 325\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2004.03.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2004.03.001"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almudhi, A., Zafar, H., Anwer, S., & Alghadir, A. (2019). Effect of different body postures on the severity of stuttering in young adults with developmental stuttering. BioMedical Research International. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2019\/1817906","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1817906"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqhazo, M., Blomgren, M., Roy, N., & Awwad, A.M. (2017). Discrimination and internalised feelings experienced by people who Stutter in Jordan. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 19(5), 519\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17549507.2016.1209561","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2016.1209561"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amick, L.J., Chang, S.E., Wade, J., & McAuley, J.D. (2017). Social and cognitive impressions of adults who do and do not Stutter based on listeners\u2019 perceptions of read-speech samples. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01148","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01148"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Aten, E., & Masters, R. (2005). Public opinions about Stuttering. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mnsu.edu\/comdis\/kuster\/journal\/hallen\/public.html"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bailey, K., Simpson, S., & Harris, S. (2015) Stammering and the social model of disability: Challenge and opportunity. Procedia \u2013 Social and Behavioral Sciences, 193, 13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.03.240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.03.240"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, L., & Cantwell, D.P. (1987). A prospective psychiatric follow-up of children with speech\/language disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(4), 546\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-198707000-00015","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198707000-00015"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beilby, J.M., Byrnes, M.L., Meagher, E.L., & Yaruss, J.S. (2013). The impact of stuttering on adults who stutter and their partners. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(1), 14\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.12.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.12.001"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beilbya, J.M., Byrnesb, M.L., & Scott Yaruss, J.S. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy for adults who stutter: Psychosocial adjustment and speech fluency. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 37, 289\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.05.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.05.003"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Bloodstein, O., & Bernstein Ratner, N. (2008). A handbook on stuttering. Thomson-Delmar Learning."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Bloodstein, O., Bernstein Ratner, N., & Brundage, S.B. (2021). A handbook on stuttering (7th ed.). Plural Publishing."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Boberg, E., & Calder, P. (2012). Stuttering: A review for counsellors and teachers. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 11(3), 144\u2013148."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Boyle, M. (2015). The importance of challenging the public stigma of stuttering | International Stuttering Awareness. Retrieved from https:\/\/isad.isastutter.org\/isad-2015\/papers-presented-by-2015\/research-therapy-and-support\/the-importance-of-challenging-the-public-stigma-of-stuttering\/#:~:text=Public%20Stigma%20and%20Stuttering&text=The%20stereotype%20can%20result%20in"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bricker-Katz, G., Lincoln, M., & McCabe, P. (2010). Older people who stutter: Barriers to communication and perceptions of treatment needs. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 45(1), 15\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13682820802627314","DOI":"10.3109\/13682820802627314"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brundage, S.B., & Ratner, N.B. (2022). Linguistic aspects of stuttering: Research updates on the language-fluency interface. Topics in Language Disorders, 42(1), 5\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TLD.0000000000000269","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0000000000000269"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, C. (2013). \u2018University? Hell no!\u2019: Stammering through education. International Journal of Educational Research, 59, 57\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijer.2013.03.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2013.03.002"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, S., Beal, D.S., Ghosh, S.S., Tiede, M.K., Guenther, F.H., & Perkell, J.S. (2012). Weak responses to auditory feedback perturbation during articulation in persons who stutter: Evidence for abnormal auditory-motor transformation. PLoS One, 7(7), e41830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0041830","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041830"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Nurse Researcher, 13(4), 84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7748\/nr.13.4.84.s4","DOI":"10.7748\/nr.13.4.84.s4"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhary, C., Maruthy, S., Maruthy, S., Guddattu, V., Krishnan, G., & Krishnan, G. (2021). A systematic review on the role of language-related factors in the manifestation of stuttering in bilinguals, Journal of Fluency Disorders, 68(1), 105829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2021.105829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2021.105829"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, D., Conture, E., Walden, T., Lambert, W., & Tumanova, V. (2013). Behavioral inhibition and childhood stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(2), 171\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2013.03.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2013.03.001"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, D., Conture, E.G., Walden, T.A., Jones, R.M., & Kim, H. (2016). Emotional diathesis, emotional stress, and childhood stuttering. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research: JSLHR, 59(4), 616\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-S-14-0357","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-S-14-0357"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow, J.C., & Wehby, J.H. (2019). Profiles of problem behavior in children with varying language ability. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 27(2), 110\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1063426617733714","DOI":"10.1177\/1063426617733714"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, N.J., Davine, M., Horodezky, N., Lipsett, L., & Isaacson, L. (1993). Unsuspected language impairment in psychiatrically disturbed children: Prevalence and language and behavioral characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(3), 595\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199305000-00016","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199305000-00016"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connery, A., McCurtin, A., & Robinson, K. (2020). The lived experience of stuttering: A synthesis of qualitative studies with implications for rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(16), 2232\u20132242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2018.1555623","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2018.1555623"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conture, E., Kelly, E., & Walden, T. (2013). Temperament, speech and language: An overview. Journal of Communication Disorders, 46, 125\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2012.11.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2012.11.002"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig A., Hancock K., Tran Y., Craig M., & Peters K. (2002). Epidemiology of stuttering in the community across the entire life span. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 45(6), 1077\u20131310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/088)","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/088)"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W., & Poth, C.N. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. 4th ed. Sage, Cop."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniels, D.E., Hagstrom, F., & Gabel, R.M. (2006). A qualitative study of how African American men who stutter attribute meaning to identity and life choices. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 31(3), 200\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2006.05.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2006.05.002"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Britto Pereira, M.M., Rossi, J.P., & Van Borsel, J. (2008). Public awareness and knowledge of stuttering in Rio de Janeiro. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33(1), 24\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.10.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.10.001"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Denworth, L. (2021). Stuttering stems from problems in brain wiring, not personalities. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/stuttering-stems-from-problems-in-brain-wiring-not-personalities\/"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickinson, D.K., Golinkoff, R.M., & Hirsh-Pasek, K. (2010). Speaking out for language: Why language is central to reading development. Educational Researcher, 39(4), 305\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0013189X10370204","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X10370204"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drayna, D., & Kang, C. (2011). Genetic approaches to understanding the causes of stuttering. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 3, 374\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11689-011-9090-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11689-011-9090-7"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Adawy, N., Abdel-Salam, A., St. Louis, K., Emam, A.M., Elbarody, Z.M., & Mostafa, E. (2020). Attitudes towards stuttering of parents and other family members of children who stutter in Egypt. Speech, Language and Hearing, 24(1), 9\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2050571x.2020.1724360","DOI":"10.1080\/2050571X.2020.1724360"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsherif, M.M., Wheeldon, L.R., & Frisson, S. (2021). Do dyslexia and stuttering share a processing deficit? Journal of Fluency Disorders, 67, 105827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Fraser, M. (2010). Self-therapy for the stutterer. Stuttering Foundation of America."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garland-Thomson, R. (2011). Misfits: A feminist materialist disability concept. Hypatia, 26(3), 591\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1527-2001.2011.01206.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-2001.2011.01206.x"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Gillam, R., Marquardt, T., & Martin, F. (2020). Communication sciences and disorders\u2014From science to clinical practice. Singular Publishing Group."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giraud, A., Neumann, K., Bachoud-Levi, A., Von Grudenberg, A.W., Euler, H.A., Lanfermann, H., & Preibisch, C. (2008). The severity of dysfluency correlates with basal ganglia activity in persistent developmental stuttering. Brain and Language, 104, 190\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandl.2007.04.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2007.04.005"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gkalitsiou, Z., & Byrd, C.T. (2021). Working memory in adults who stutter using a visual N-back task. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 70, 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2021.105846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2021.105846"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Gross, H. (2022). Busting myths and building support for people who stutter. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.expressable.com\/learning-center\/stuttering\/busting-myths-and-building-support-for-people-who-stutter"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Guitar, B. (2014). Stuttering: An integrated approach to its nature and treatment. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haryani, H., Chu, S.Y., Yaruss, J.S., McConnell, G., & Ali, M.M. (2020). Public attitudes in Asia toward stuttering: A scoping review. The Open Public Health Journal, 13(1), 503\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874944502013010503","DOI":"10.2174\/1874944502013010503"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollister, J., Van Horne, A.O., & Zebrowski, P. (2017). The relationship between grammatical development and disfluencies in preschool children who stutter and those who recover. American Journal of Speech and Language Pathology, 26, 44\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2016_AJSLP-15-0022","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_AJSLP-15-0022"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hulme, C., Nash, H.M., Gooch, D., Lervag, A., & Snowling, M.J. (2015). The foundations of literacy development in children at familial risk of dyslexia. Psychological Science, 26(12), 1877\u20131886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797615603702","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615603702"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iimura, D., & Miyamoto, S. (2021). Public attitudes toward people who stutter in the workplace: A questionnaire survey of Japanese employees. Journal of Communication Disorders, 89, 106072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2020.106072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2020.106072"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iimura, D., Yada, Y., Imaizumi, K., Takeuchi, T., Miyawaki, M., & Van Borsel, J. (2018). Public awareness and knowledge of stuttering in Japan. Journal of Communication Disorders, 72, 136\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2018.02.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2018.02.002"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaacs, D. (2020). \u2018I Don\u2019t Have Time for This\u2019: Stuttering and the politics of university time. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 22(1), 58\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16993\/sjdr.601","DOI":"10.16993\/sjdr.601"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaacs, D., & Swartz, L. (2020). \u201cStammering less so That I Can Be More of a Man\u201d: Discourses of masculinities among young adult men in the Western Cape, South Africa, who stutter. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 23(1), 74\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/men0000302","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000302"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaacs, D., & Swartz, L. (2021). Lived experience of people who stutter: A descriptive review of qualitative studies from 1990\u20132017. Disability & Society, 36(1), 81\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09687599.2020.1735304","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2020.1735304"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaacs, D., Swartz, L., & Toefy, Y. (2022). \u201cMy Stutter Has Put Me on the Outside\u201d: Young South African Muslim men who stutter talk about masculinities and religion. Journal of Disability & Religion, 26(1), 26\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23312521.2021.1876581","DOI":"10.1080\/23312521.2021.1876581"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaacs, D.H. (2021). \u2018Satan is holding your tongue back\u2019: Stuttering as moral failure. African Journal of Disability, 10, a773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ajod.v10i0.773","DOI":"10.4102\/ajod.v10i0.773"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iverach, L., O\u2019Brian, S., Jones, M., Block, S., Lincoln, M., Harrison, E., Hewat, S., Menzies, R.G., Packman, A., & Onslow, M. (2009). Prevalence of anxiety disorders among adults seeking speech therapy for stuttering. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(7), 928\u2013934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.06.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.06.003"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, E.J., Tiede, M., Beal, D., & Whalen, D.H. (2016). The impact of social\u2013cognitive stress on speech variability, determinism, and stability in adults who do and do not stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 59(6), 1295\u20131314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-S-16-0145","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-S-16-0145"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, E.S., Yaruss, J.S., Quesal, R.W., Terranova, V., & Whalen, D.H. (2015). Responses of adults who stutter to the anticipation of stuttering. Journal of fluency disorders, 45, 38\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2015.05.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2015.05.002"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jankelowitz, D.L., & Bortz, M.A. (1996). The interaction of bilingualism and stuttering in an adult. Journal of Communication Disorders, 29(3), 223\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9924(95)00050-X","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(95)00050-X"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, H. (2010). Attitudes of teachers towards dysfluency training and resources. International Journal of Speech-language Pathology, 12(3), 253\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17549500903266071","DOI":"10.3109\/17549500903266071"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, R.M., Conture, E.G., & Walden, T.A. (2014). Emotional reactivity and regulation associated with fluent and stuttered utterances of preschool-age children who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders, 48, 38\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2014.02.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2014.02.001"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karrass, J., Walden, T.A., Conture, E.G., Graham, C.G., Arnold, H.S., Hartfield, K.N., & Schwenk, K.A. (2006). Relation of emotional reactivity and regulation to childhood stuttering. Journal of Communication Disorders, 39(6), 402\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2005.12.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2005.12.004"},{"key":"ref61","unstructured":"Kashula, R., & Anthonissen, C. (1995). Communicating across cultures in South Africa: Toward a critical language awareness. Hodder-Stoughton."},{"key":"ref62","unstructured":"Kathard, H. (1998). Issues of culture and stuttering: A South African perspective. Paper published for the First International Stuttering Awareness Day online conference. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.mnsu.edu\/comdis\/isad\/papers\/kathard.html"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoza-Shangase, K., & Mophosho, M. (2021). Language and culture in speech-language and hearing professions in South Africa: Re-imagining practice. The South African Journal of Communication Disorders = Die Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir Kommunikasieafwykings, 68(1), e1\u2013e9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajcd.v68i1.793","DOI":"10.4102\/sajcd.v68i1.793"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klompas, M., & Ross, E. (2004). Life experiences of people who stutter, and the perceived impact of stuttering on quality of life: Personal accounts of South African individuals. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29(4), 275\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.10.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.10.001"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leech, K.A., Ratner, N.B., Brown, B., & Weber, C.M. (2017). Preliminary evidence that growth in productive language differentiates childhood stuttering persistence and recovery. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 60(11), 3097\u20133109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0371","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0371"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Legg, C.F., & Penn, C. (2013). A stroke of misfortune: Cultural interpretations of aphasia in South Africa. Aphasiology, 27(2), 126\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02687038.2012.684338","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2012.684338"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, X. (2022). What causes stuttering? A speech pathology researcher explains the science and the misconceptions around this speech disorder. Retrieved from https:\/\/theconversation.com\/what-causes-stuttering-a-speech-pathology-researcher-explains-the-science-and-the-misconceptions-around-this-speech-disorder-193827","DOI":"10.64628\/AAI.am4asn9gf"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maguire, M., & Delahunt, B. (2017). Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars 3(3). Retrieved from https:\/\/ojs.aishe.org\/index.php\/aishe-j\/article\/download\/335\/553\/1557","DOI":"10.62707\/aishej.v9i3.335"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallick, R., Kathard, H., Thabane, L., & Pillay, M. (2018). The Classroom Communication Resource (CCR) intervention to change peer\u2019s attitudes towards children who stutter (CWS): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 19(1), 43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-017-2365-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2365-x"},{"key":"ref70","unstructured":"Manning, W.H. (2009). Clinical decision making in fluency disorders. Cengage Learning."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Max, L., Guenther, F., Gracco, V., Ghosh, S., & Wallace, M. (2004). Unstable or insufficiently activated internal models and feedback-biased motor control as sources of dysfluency: A theoretical model of stuttering. Contemporary Issues in Communication Sciences and Disorders, 31, 105\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/cicsd_31_S_105","DOI":"10.1044\/cicsd_31_S_105"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenzie, J.A. (1992). The provision of speech and hearing services in a rural district of South Africa. South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 39(1), 5\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajcd.v39i1.276","DOI":"10.4102\/sajcd.v39i1.276"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meredith, G., & Packman, A. (2015). The experiences of university students who stutter: A quantitative and qualitative study. Procedia \u2013 Social and Behavioral Sciences, 193, 318\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.03.293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.03.293"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meredith, G., Achterbosch, L., Peck, B., Terry, D., Dekker, E., & Packman, A. (2023). The use of an interactive social simulation tool for adults who stutter: A pilot study. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 13(1), 187\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ejihpe13010014","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe13010014"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messenger, M., Onslow, M., Packman, A., & Menzies, R. (2004). Social anxiety in stuttering: Measuring negative social experiences. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29(3), 201\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.06.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.06.002"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moonsamy, S., Mupawose, A., Seedat, J., Mophosho, M., & Pillay, D. (2017). Speech-language pathology and audiology in South Africa: Reflections on transformation in professional training and practice since the end of apartheid. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 2(17), 30\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/persp2.SIG17.30","DOI":"10.1044\/persp2.SIG17.30"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, W.P., Yaruss, J.S., & Quesal, R.W. (2007). Enhancing treatment for school-age children who stutter. I. Reducing negative reactions through desensitization and cognitive restructuring. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 32(2), 121\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.02.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.02.002"},{"key":"ref78","unstructured":"Nall, R. (2019). Stuttering. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/stuttering"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namasivayam, A.K., & Van Lieshout, P. (2008). Investigating speech motor practice and learning in people who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33(1), 32\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.11.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.11.005"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nang, C., Hersh, D., Milton, K., & Lau, S.R. (2018). The impact of stuttering on development of self-identity, relationships, and quality of life in women who stutter. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27(3S), 1244\u20131258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2018_AJSLP-ODC11-17-0201","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJSLP-ODC11-17-0201"},{"key":"ref81","unstructured":"National Stuttering Association (NSA). (2020). If you stutter, you are not alone: Myths about stuttering. Retrieved from https:\/\/westutter.org\/myths-about-stuttering\/"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumann, K., Euler, H.A., Zens, R., Piskernik, B., Packman, A., Louis, K.O.S., & Eggers, K. (2019). \u201cSpontaneous\u201d late recovery from stuttering: Dimensions of reported techniques and causal attributions. Journal of Communication Disorders, 81, 105915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2019.105915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2019.105915"},{"key":"ref83","unstructured":"Nicoletti, A. (2023). Dispelling myths about stuttering. Retrieved from https:\/\/news.fiu.edu\/2023\/stuttering-and-how-mindfulness-can-help-those-with-a-stutter"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nwokah, E. (1988). The imbalance of stuttering behavior in bilingual speakers. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 13(5), 357\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0094-730X(88)90004-6","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730X(88)90004-6"},{"key":"ref85","unstructured":"O\u2019Keefe, B.M. (1996). Communication disorders. In R. Renwick, I. Brown & M. Nagler (Eds.), Quality of life in health promotion and rehabilitation (pp. 219\u2013236). Sage."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Packman, A. (2012). Theory and therapy in stuttering: A complex relationship. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 37, 225\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.05.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.05.004"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panico, J., Daniels, D.E., Hughes, S., Smith, R.E., & Zelenak, J. (2018). Comparing perceptions of student teachers and regular education teachers toward students who stutter: A mixed-method approach. Speech Language and Hearing, 21(4), 245\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2050571X.2017.1391425","DOI":"10.1080\/2050571X.2017.1391425"},{"key":"ref88","unstructured":"Panzarino, R.W. (2019). Impact of Stuttering on Communication Attitude Among Adults Who Stutter and their Life Partner. Honors theses, University of Central Florida. Retrieved from https:\/\/stars.library.ucf.edu\/honorstheses\/465"},{"key":"ref89","unstructured":"Peters, T.J., & Guitar, B. (1991). Stuttering: An integrated approach to its nature and treatment. Williams and Wilkins."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickles, A., Durkin, K., Mok, P.L., Toseeb, U., & Conti-Ramsden, G. (2016). Conduct problems co-occur with hyperactivity in children with language impairment: A longitudinal study from childhood to adolescence. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments, 1, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2396941516645251","DOI":"10.1177\/2396941516645251"},{"key":"ref91","unstructured":"Pillay, M. (1992). Communication disorders: Beliefs and practices in a Zulu community. Unpublished undergraduate research, University of Durban-Westville, Durban."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pillay, M. Kathard, H., & Samuel, M. (1997). The curriculum of practice: A conceptual framework for speech-language therapy and audiology practice with a black African first language clientele. The South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 44(1), 109\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajcd.v44i1.232","DOI":"10.4102\/sajcd.v44i1.232"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Platzky, R., & Girson, J. (1993). Indigenous healers and stuttering. South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 40(1), 43\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajcd.v40i1.265","DOI":"10.4102\/sajcd.v40i1.265"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plexico, L.W., Manning, W.H., & Levitt, H. (2009). Coping responses by adults who stutter: Part I. Protecting the self and others. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34(2), 87\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2009.06.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2009.06.001"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plexico, L.W., Manning, W.H., & Levitt, H. (2009b). Coping responses by adults who stutter: Part II. Approaching the problem and achieving agency. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34(2), 108\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2009.06.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2009.06.003"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponto, J. (2015). Understanding and evaluating survey research. Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology, 6(2), 168\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6004\/jadpro.2015.6.2.9","DOI":"10.6004\/jadpro.2015.6.2.9"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratner, N.B., & Brundage, S.B. (2021). Advances in understanding stuttering as a disorder of language encoding, Annual Review of Linguistics, 10, 127\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-linguistics-030521-044754","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-linguistics-030521-044754"},{"key":"ref98","unstructured":"Rich, R. (2021). What causes stuttering? \u2013 Stutter. Retrieved from https:\/\/familydoctor.org\/condition\/stuttering"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, E. (2001). A social work perspective on stuttering. Social Work\/Maatskaplike Werk, 37(1), 35\u201342.","DOI":"10.15270\/37-1-1530"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rout, N., Kumar, S., & Kumar, N. (2014). A Survey on conceptions of stuttering. Rehabilitation Process and Outcome, 3, 7\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4137\/rpo.S12755","DOI":"10.4137\/RPO.S12755"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sande, N. (2019). Pastoral ministry and persons with disabilities: The case of the Apostolic Faith Mission in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Disability, 8, 431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ajod.v8i0.431","DOI":"10.4102\/ajod.v8i0.431"},{"key":"ref102","unstructured":"Scharf, E.S. (2017). Exploring the lived experiences of adults who stutter: A qualitative study. Ursidae: The Undergraduate Research Journal at the University of Northern Colorado, 6(3), 1\u201337."},{"key":"ref103","unstructured":"Science Daily. (2018). Stuttering: New insight on treatment, physiological basis. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2015\/02\/150223154854.htm"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shames, G. (1989). Stuttering: An RFP for a cultural perspective. Journal of Fluency, 14(1), 67\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0094-730X(89)90025-9","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730X(89)90025-9"},{"key":"ref105","unstructured":"Sheehan, J. (1958). Conflict theory of stuttering. In J. Eisenson (Ed.), Stuttering: A symposium (pp. 121\u2013166). Harper and Row."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silverman, E.-M., & Zimmer, C.H. (1982). Demographic characteristics and treatment experiences of women and men who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 7(2), 273\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0094-730X(82)90013-4","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730X(82)90013-4"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, A., & Weber, C. (2017). How stuttering develops: The multifactorial dynamic pathways theory. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 60(9), 2483\u20132505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0343","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0343"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St. Pierre, J. (2012). The construction of the disabled speaker: Locating stuttering in disability studies. Canadian Journal of Disability Studies, 1(3), 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15353\/cjds.v1i3.54","DOI":"10.15353\/cjds.v1i3.54"},{"key":"ref109","unstructured":"St. Pierre, J. (2019). An introduction to stuttering and disability theory: Misfits in meaning. In P. Campbell, C. Constantino, & S. Simpson (Eds.), Stammering pride and prejudice: Difference not defect (pp. 3\u201318). J & R Publishers."},{"key":"ref110","unstructured":"Starkweather, C. W., & Givens-Ackerman, J. (1997). Stuttering. Austin: PRO-ED Inc."},{"key":"ref111","unstructured":"Stanley, J.M. (2019). The disabled God? A critical analysis of disability theologies. PhD thesis, Department of Systematic Theology and Ecclesiology, Stellenbosch University."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tichenor, S.E., & Yaruss, J.S. (2019). Group experiences and individual differences in stuttering. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 62(12), 4335\u20134350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-19-00138","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-19-00138"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomblin, J.B., Records N.L., Buckwalter, P., Zhang, X., Smith, E., & O\u2019Brien, M. (1997). Prevalence of specific language impairment in Kindergarten children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 40(6), 1245\u20131260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/jslhr.4006.1245","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4006.1245"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00fcrkili, S., T\u00fcrkili, S., & Ayd\u0131n, Z.F. (2022). Mental well-being and related factors in individuals with stuttering. Heliyon, 8(9), e10446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10446"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanryckeghem, M., Brutten, G.J., Uddin, N., & Borsel, J.V. (2004). A comparative investigation of the speech-associated coping responses reported by adults who do and do not stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29(3), 237\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.07.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.07.001"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watkins, K.E., Smith, S.M., Davis, S., & Howell, P. (2008). Structural and functional abnormalities of the motor system in developmental stuttering. Brain, 131(1), 50\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awm241","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm241"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wingate, M.E. (1977). The relationship of theory to therapy in stuttering. Journal of Communication Disorders, 10(1\u20132), 37\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9924(77)90011-9","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(77)90011-9"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N. (2013). Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(2), 66\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.11.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.11.002"},{"key":"ref119","unstructured":"Yairi, E., & Seery, C.H. (2015). Stuttering: Foundations and clinical applications (2nd ed.). Pearson Higher."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaruss, J.S., & Quesal, R.W. (2004). Stuttering and the international classification of functioning, disability, and health (ICF): An update. Journal of Communication Disorders, 37(1), 35\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9924(03)00052-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(03)00052-2"},{"key":"ref121","unstructured":"Yin, R.K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th edn.). Sage."}],"container-title":["South African Journal of Communication Disorders"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/sajcd.org.za\/index.php\/sajcd\/article\/view\/1008\/2171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:47:51Z","timestamp":1778500071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sajcd.org.za\/index.php\/sajcd\/article\/view\/1008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajcd.v71i1.1008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-8046","2225-4765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-8046","type":"print"},{"value":"2225-4765","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"article-number":"a1008"}}