{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:19:59Z","timestamp":1785417599799,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709337600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Oral feeding practices of young patients on high-flow oxygen (HFO2) have been controversial. Limited literature exists on this topic, but new studies suggest introducing oral feeds.\n\nObjective: This study aims to describe the changes in swallowing and feeding of a group of young children on HFO2.\n\nMethod: Twelve participants (mean age 34.17 months [s.d. = 3.97]) on HFO2 were assessed clinically at the bedside using the Schedule of Oral Motor Assessment. Assessments were conducted twice to determine the change in characteristics: upon approval from the managing doctor when respiratory stability on HFO2 was achieved and for a second time on the last day of receiving HFO2 (mean 2.6 days apart). Patients received standard in-patient care and speech therapy intervention.\n\nResults: Most participants displayed typical oral motor function at initial and final assessments for liquid, puree and semi-solid consistencies. Purees and soft solid consistencies were introduced to most participants (n = 11, 91.7%). Solids and chewables were challenging for all participants during both assessments. Half of the participants displayed gagging and a wet vocal quality with thin liquids at the initial assessment only.\n\nConclusion: This small-scale study found that HFO2 should not preclude oral diets, but in this sample, small amounts of oral feeding could be introduced with caution, in an individualised manner, and with a collaborative multidisciplinary approach. Further research is essential.\n\nContribution: Partial oral feeding of specific consistencies was possible during the assessment of young paediatric in-patients on HFO2. Monitoring of individual patient characteristics and risk factors by a specialist feeding team is essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/sajcd.v71i1.1010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T06:31:02Z","timestamp":1709361062000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Swallowing and feeding of young children on high-flow oxygen therapy"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7811-3144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruhee","family":"Hoosain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7839-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhavani","family":"Pillay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2930-2259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shabnam","family":"Abdoola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4071-9864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marien A.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9940-8812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esedra","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes, C., Herbert, T.L., & Bonilha, H.S. (2023). Parameters for orally feeding neonates who require noninvasive ventilation: A systematic review. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 32(4), 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2023_ajslp-22-00259","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_AJSLP-22-00259"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canning, A., Clarke, S., Thorning, S., Chauhan, M., & Weir, K.A. (2021). Oral feeding for infants and children receiving nasal continuous positive airway pressure and high flow nasal cannula: A systematic review. BMC Pediatrics, 21(1), 83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02531-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02531-4"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capilouto, G.J. (2017). Pediatric dysphagia. Seminars in Speech and Language, 38(2), 75\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0037-1599104","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1599104"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charlton, M.E., Peterson, S.J., LaGorio, L.A., Mirza, S.H., & Scott, J.B. (2022). A survey of feeding practices during high-flow nasal cannula Oxygen Therapy. Respiratory Care, 68(9), 1229\u20131236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.10469","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.10469"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cichero, J.A.Y., Lam, P., Steele, C.M., Hanson, B., Chen, J., Dantas, R.O., Duivestein, J., Kayashita, J., Lecko, C., Murray, J., Pillay, M., Riquelme, L., & Stanschus, S. (2017). Development of international terminology and definitions for texture-modified foods and thickened fluids used in dysphagia management: The IDDSI framework. Dysphagia, 32(2), 293\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00455-016-9758-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-016-9758-y"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coutts, K., & Pillay, M. (2021). Decision making and the bedside assessment: The speech language therapists\u2019 thinking when making a diagnosis at the bed. South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 68(1), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajcd.v68i1.790","DOI":"10.4102\/sajcd.v68i1.790"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuls, N., Kr\u00fcger, E., & van der Linde, J. (2020). Feeding characteristics of infants in a lower-middle-income country. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 56(7), 1083\u20131089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpc.14823","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14823"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Jain, S., & Iverson, L.M. (2019). Glasgow Coma Scale. StatPearls. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK513298\/"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maitland, K., Kiguli, S., Opoka, R.O., Olupot-Olupot, P., Engoru, C., Njuguna, P., Bandika, V., Mpoya, A., Bush, A., Williams, T.N., Grieve, R., Sadique, Z., Fraser, J., Harrison, D., & Rowan, K. (2018). Children\u2019s Oxygen Administration Strategies Trial (COAST): A randomised controlled trial of high flow versus oxygen versus control in African children with severe pneumonia [version 2; referees: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Research, 2, 100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.12747.2","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.12747.2"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marutlulle, N.K. (2021). A critical analysis of housing inadequacy in South Africa and its ramifications. Africa\u2019s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review, 9(1), a372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/apsdpr.v9i1.372","DOI":"10.4102\/apsdpr.v9i1.372"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"McCall, E. (2019). High flow respiratory support for an infant, child, or young person. Starship Hospital Guidelines."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Murphy, R., Harrison, K., & Harding, C. (2018). Feeding infants on high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy: Exploration of speech-language pathologists\u2019 decision-making processes. Journal of Clinical Practice in Speech-Language Pathology, 20(3), 121\u2013127. Retrieved from http:\/\/ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu\/login?url=http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=133598090&site=ehost-live"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reilly, S., Skuse, D., Mathisen, B., & Wolke, D. (1995). The objective rating of oral-motor functions during feeding. Dysphagia, 10(3), 177\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00260975","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00260975"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rice, J.L., & Lefton-Greif, M.A. (2022). Treatment of pediatric patients with high-flow nasal cannula and considerations for oral feeding: A review of the literature. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 7(2), 543\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2021_PERSP-21-00152","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_PERSP-21-00152"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Danckers, M., Sanghavi, D., & Chakraborty, R.K. (2021). High flow nasal cannula. Physiological effects and clinical applications. StatPearls Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-42454-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42454-1"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer, P., & Rattanachaiwong, S. (2018). To eat or to breathe? The answer is both! Nutritional management during noninvasive ventilation. Critical Care, 22(1), 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-018-1947-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-1947-7"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sochet, A.A., McGee, J.A., & October, T.W. (2017). Oral nutrition in children with bronchiolitis on high-flow nasal cannula is well tolerated. Hospital Pediatrics, 7(5), 249\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/hpeds.2016-0131","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2016-0131"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steele, C.M., Alsanei, W.A., Ayanikalath, S., Barbon, C.E.A., Chen, J., Cichero, J.A.Y., Coutts, K., Dantas, R.O., Duivestein, J., Giosa, L., Hanson, B., Lam, P., Lecko, C., Leigh, C., Nagy, A., Namasivayam, A.M., Nascimento, W.V., Odendaal, I., Smith, C.H., & Wang, H. (2015). The influence of food texture and liquid consistency modification on swallowing physiology and function: A systematic review. Dysphagia, 30(2), 272\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00455-015-9603-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-015-9603-8"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tosif, S., & Duke, T. (2017). Evidence to support oxygen guidelines for children with emergency signs in developing countries: A systematic review and physiological and mechanistic analysis. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 63(5), 402\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tropej\/fmw100","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmw100"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolter, N.E., Hernandez, K., Irace, A.L., Davidson, K., Perez, J.A., Larson, K., & Rahbar, R. (2018). A systematic process for weaning children with aspiration from thickened fluids. JAMA Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, 144(1), 51\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoto.2017.1917.s","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2017.1917"}],"container-title":["South African Journal of Communication Disorders"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/sajcd.org.za\/index.php\/sajcd\/article\/viewFile\/1010\/2134","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sajcd.org.za\/index.php\/sajcd\/article\/viewFile\/1010\/2135","content-type":"application\/epub+zip","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sajcd.org.za\/index.php\/sajcd\/article\/viewFile\/1010\/2136","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sajcd.org.za\/index.php\/sajcd\/article\/viewFile\/1010\/2137","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sajcd.org.za\/index.php\/sajcd\/article\/view\/1010\/2137","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T07:21:32Z","timestamp":1778570492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sajcd.org.za\/index.php\/sajcd\/article\/view\/1010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajcd.v71i1.1010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-8046","2225-4765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-8046","type":"print"},{"value":"2225-4765","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"article-number":"a1010"}}