{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:55:28Z","timestamp":1785437728191,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Animal audiology utilizes brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) as a non-invasive tool to assess hearing in animals, including Holstein dairy cows. Understanding cows\u2019 auditory capabilities is critical for their welfare, especially given their exposure to farm noise.\n\nObjectives: This study provides preliminary normative BAER data for Holstein cows by focusing on absolute and interpeak wave latencies. The objective is to assess the impact of farm noise and expand audiologists\u2019 practice scope.\n\nMethod: Ten Holstein cows were tested using monoaural broadband click stimuli with contralateral masking. Earphones with foam ear tips were used to minimize environmental noise interference. The BAER responses were recorded via subdermal needle electrodes placed at standardized locations on the cows\u2019 heads. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics to determine auditory thresholds and wave latencies.\n\nResults: The cows exhibited auditory thresholds at 90 dB SPL (55 dB nHL). Detailed wave and interpeak latencies were recorded at intensities from 85 to 105 dB SPL. At 90 dB SPL, the average latency for wave V was 5.17 ms, marking the auditory threshold for Holstein cows.\n\nConclusion: These findings provide key insights into the auditory sensitivity of Holstein cows, highlighting BAER\u2019s potential for monitoring auditory health and evaluating the effects of noise pollution on animal welfare. This research underscores the value of integrating animal audiology into the audiologist\u2019s scope, ultimately enhancing both animal welfare and farming sustainability.\n\nContribution: This study adds to the limited literature on farm animal auditory health and suggests strategies to improve welfare through better auditory management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/sajcd.v71i1.1047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T08:04:22Z","timestamp":1729497862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brainstem auditory evoked responses: Objective hearing threshold assessment in Holstein cows"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3618-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alida","family":"Naud\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2364-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lize-Mari","family":"Erasmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4586-6601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liesl","family":"de Swardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9685-3750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Bornman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3672-6976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Este","family":"van Marl\u00e9-K\u00f6ster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arai, S., & Matsui, Y. 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