{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T12:49:08Z","timestamp":1763642948055,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598227200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["South. Afr. j. HIV med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: There is very limited published experience with intravenous (IV) antituberculosis (anti-TB) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) especially in children. We have described a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected child with complicated abdominal tuberculosis who was initially treated with IV anti-TB and a partially IV ART regimen before transitioning to oral therapy.Patient presentation: A 3-year-old boy presented with hypovolaemic shock with a 3-day history of inability to pass stools, abdominal distension and bile-stained vomiting. Abdominal ultrasound and X-ray showed small-bowel obstruction. Human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing was positive, and Cluster of Differentiation (CD)4+ lymphocyte count was 56 cells\/mL (15%). Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)\/Rifampicin (RIF) Ultra and TB culture on induced sputum detected MTB complex sensitive to rifampicin and isoniazid.Management and outcome: Following laparotomy and closure of bowel perforations, the child was commenced on IV rifampicin, moxifloxacin and amikacin. Amikacin was stopped after 3 days because of nephrotoxicity, and meropenem and IV linezolid were added. After 20 days, ART comprising IV zidovudine, oral lamivudine solution, oral lopinavir\/ritonavir solution and additional oral ritonavir solution for super boosting was commenced. By day 40, the patient was well established on oral feeds and was switched to standard oral anti-TB medications. Sputum examined 1 month after starting the treatment was found culture-negative for MTB. After 4 months of treatment, the HIV viral load was  100 copies\/mL. He completed a total of 12 months of anti-TB treatment.Conclusion: Despite limited experience and few available IV formulations of standard anti-TB and ARV medications, initial IV therapy may be beneficial for patients in whom oral medication is not an option.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v21i1.1121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]],"date-time":"2020-08-22T07:13:24Z","timestamp":1598080404000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The initial intravenous treatment of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected child with complicated abdominal tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6521-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony K.","family":"Enimil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0811-0098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Eley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9389-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Nuttall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475513502961"},{"key":"ref0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2149\/tmh.2015-09"},{"journal-title":"WHO consolidated guidelines on drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment [homepage on the Internet]","year":"2019","key":"ref0003"},{"journal-title":"Management of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: A clinical reference guide [homepage on the Internet]","year":"2019","author":"Department of Health, Republic of South Africa","key":"ref0004"},{"key":"ref0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2006.00082.x"},{"key":"ref0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2016.1223623"},{"key":"ref0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002789"}],"container-title":["Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/sajhivmed.org.za\/index.php\/hivmed\/article\/viewFile\/1121\/1973","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sajhivmed.org.za\/index.php\/hivmed\/article\/viewFile\/1121\/1972","content-type":"application\/epub+zip","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sajhivmed.org.za\/index.php\/hivmed\/article\/viewFile\/1121\/1974","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sajhivmed.org.za\/index.php\/hivmed\/article\/viewFile\/1121\/1971","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sajhivmed.org.za\/index.php\/hivmed\/article\/viewFile\/1121\/1971","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T17:43:24Z","timestamp":1598291004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sajhivmed.org.za\/index.php\/hivmed\/article\/view\/1121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajhivmed.v21i1.1121","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-6751","1608-9693"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-6751"},{"type":"print","value":"1608-9693"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]}}}