{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:19:01Z","timestamp":1787066341330,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Comparisons of the characteristics of individuals hospitalised with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or seasonal influenza in low-to middle-income countries with high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence are limited.\n\nObjectives:\u00a0Determine the epidemiological differences with those hospitalised with influenza or SARS-CoV-2 infection.\n\nMethod:\u00a0We investigated hospitalised individuals \u226518 years of age testing positive for seasonal influenza (2016\u20132019) or SARS-CoV-2 (2020\u20132021). We used random effects multivariable logistic regression, controlling for clustering by site, to evaluate differences among adults hospitalised with influenza or SARS-CoV-2 infection.\n\nResults:\u00a0Compared to individuals with influenza, individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection were more likely to be diabetic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11\u20132.61) or die in hospital (aOR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.61\u20134.12). Additionally, those with SARS-CoV-2 infection were less likely to be living with HIV (not immunosuppressed) (aOR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.34\u20130.73) or living with HIV (immunosuppressed) (aOR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.18\u20130.39) compared to not living with HIV and less likely to be asthmatic (aOR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.13\u20130.33) rather than those living with influenza.\n\nConclusion:\u00a0Individuals hospitalised with SARS-CoV-2 had different characteristics to individuals hospitalised with influenza before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Risk factors should be considered in health management especially as we move into an era of co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza pathogens.\n\nContribution:\u00a0Identifying groups at high risk of severe disease could help to better monitor, prevent and control SARS-CoV-2 or influenza severe disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/sajid.v39i1.574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T10:28:20Z","timestamp":1717842500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparing adults with severe SARS-CoV-2 or influenza infection: South Africa, 2016\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4169-813X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Els","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007wwmx82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7081-6273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackie","family":"Kleynhans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007wwmx82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9526-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Wolter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007wwmx82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9186-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mignon","family":"du Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007wwmx82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0281-3649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahima","family":"Moosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007wwmx82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4395-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Tempia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007wwmx82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7647-9463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mvuyo","family":"Makhasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007wwmx82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4115-894X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Nel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rp50x72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of the Witwatersrand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8180-6791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halima","family":"Dawood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzfn040","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4508-5469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan","family":"Meiring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007wwmx82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0243-7455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"von Gottberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007wwmx82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0376-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheryl","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007wwmx82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7588-2480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibongile","family":"Walaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/007wwmx82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Institute for Communicable 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Government Gazette [homepage on the Internet]; p. 657 (43148). 2022 [cited 2023 Apr 05]. Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.za\/sites\/default\/files\/gcis_document\/202003\/4314825-3cogta.pdf"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Department of Coorperative Governance and Traditional Affairs. Governmet Gazette [homepage on the Internet]; p. 682 (46195). 2022 [cited 2023 Apr 05]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cogta.gov.za\/cgta_2016\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/46195_4-4_CoOperativeGovernance.pdf"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auvinen R, Nohynek H, Syrjanen R, et al. Comparison of the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized adult COVID-19 and influenza patients \u2013 A prospective observational study. 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(1537\u20136613 (Electronic)).","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit479"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(3):210204e. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Providing care to people with advanced HIV disease who are seriously ill: Policy brief. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"World Health Organization. A healthy lifestyle \u2013 WHO recommendations 2022 [homepage on the Internet]. [cited 2022 November 24]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/item\/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis. Weekly respiratory pathogens surveillance report: Week 25. 2021. 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Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(6):1084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11061084","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11061084"}],"container-title":["Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/sajid.co.za\/index.php\/sajid\/article\/view\/574\/1551","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T12:54:50Z","timestamp":1781787290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sajid.co.za\/index.php\/sajid\/article\/view\/574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajid.v39i1.574","relation":{},"ISSN":["2312-0053","2313-1810"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2312-0053","type":"print"},{"value":"2313-1810","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"article-number":"a574"}}