{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T12:22:18Z","timestamp":1787833338434,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Rugby-related injuries are a leading cause of dropout from competitive sports, high insurance compensation, disability and socioeconomic marginalisation. The debilitating effect of these injuries on players may deny them the benefits associated with rugby and can lead to premature termination of a rugby career.\n\nObjectives:\u00a0To determine the prevalence, incidence and risk factors for rugby-related injuries among male Safari Sevens rugby tournament players in Kenya.\n\nMethod:\u00a0Following ethical approval and clearance, this cross-sectional study was carried out among October 2021 teams of male players in the Safari Sevens rugby tournament. Players (n\u00a0= 113) voluntarily completed Rugby International Consensus Group \u2018injury report form\u2019. Descriptive statistics and odds ratios were calculated.\n\nResults:\u00a0A point prevalence of 47 (41.6%) respondents at pre-tournament was found. The tournament recorded 117.6 player-match hours with an incidence of 33 (29.2%) injuries occurring during competition. In contact phase of rugby match, \u2018being tackled\u2019 was associated with a higher number of injuries mostly in the lower limbs. Surface of the playing field was likely to expose a player to injury in pre-competition and during the tournament. Additionally, players who had recurrent previous injuries and oversize gear were more likely to be injured during the tournament.\n\nConclusion:\u00a0The study showed competition injury incidence similar to that reported in previous studies. Lower limb injuries were most prevalent, especially the ankle while \u2018getting tackled\u2019 during matches.\n\nClinical implications:\u00a0There is a need for an algorithm for injury risk assessment, knee and ankle control training protocol, and use of dynamic knee and ankle supports.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/sajp.v80i1.2079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T06:25:41Z","timestamp":1732861541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for rugby-related injuries: A survey of the Safari Sevens tournament"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6915-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Onyancha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/015h5sy57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9287-8301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benita","family":"Olivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04v2twj65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Oxford Brookes University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9546-7006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Matheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/015h5sy57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2705-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wallace M.","family":"Karuguti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/015h5sy57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks, J.H., Fuller, C.W., Kemp, S.P.T. & Reddin, D.B., 2005, \u2018A prospective study of injuries and training amongst the England 2003 Rugby World Cup squad\u2019, British Journal of Sports Medicine 39(5), 288\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2004.013391","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.013391"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, J.C., Lambert, M.I., Verhagen, E., Readhead, C., Van Mechelen, W. & Viljoen, W., 2013, \u2018The incidence of rugby-related catastrophic injuries (including cardiac events) in South Africa from 2008 to 2011: A cohort study\u2019, BMJ Open 3(2), e002475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002475","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002475"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiwaridzo, M., Masunzambwa, Y., Naidoo, N., Kaseke, F., Dambi, J. & Matare, T., 2015, \u2018Profile of rugby injuries in high school Zimbabwean adolescents\u2019, International Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine 1(5), 031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23937\/2469-5718\/1510031","DOI":"10.23937\/2469-5718\/1510031"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constantinou, D. & Bentley, A., 2015, \u2018Injuries at Johannesburg high school rugby festivals\u2019, South African Journal of Sports Medicine 27(2), 46\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17159\/2413-3108\/2015\/v27i2a491","DOI":"10.17159\/2413-3108\/2015\/v27i2a491"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cross, M., Kemp, S., Smith, A., Trewartha, G. & Stokes, K., 2016, \u2018Professional Rugby Union players have a 60 % greater risk of time loss injury after concussion: A 2-season prospective study of clinical outcomes\u2019, British Journal of Sports Medicine 50(15), 926\u2013931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094982","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094982"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz-Ferreira, A.M., Cruz-Ferreira, E.M., Ribeiro, P.B., Santiago, L.M. & Taborda-Barata, L., 2018, \u2018Epidemiology of time-loss injuries in senior and under-18 Portuguese male rugby players\u2019, Journal of Human Kinetics 62(1), 73\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/hukin-2017-0159","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2017-0159"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuller, C.W., Laborde, F., Leather, R.J. & Molloy, M.G., 2008, \u2018International rugby board rugby world cup 2007 injury surveillance study\u2019, British Journal of Sports Medicine 42(6), 452\u2013459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2008.047035","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.047035"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuller, C.W., Molloy, M.G., Bagate, C., Bahr, R., Brooks, J.H., Donson, H. et al., 2007, \u2018Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures for studies of injuries in rugby union\u2019, British Journal of Sports Medicine 41(5), 328\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2006.033282","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.033282"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuller, C.W., Taylor, A., Kemp, S.P. & Raftery, M., 2017, \u2018Rugby world cup 2015: World rugby injury surveillance study\u2019, British Journal of Sports Medicine 51(1), 51\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096275","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096275"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabbett, T.J. & Domrow, N., 2005, \u2018Risk factors for injury in subelite rugby league players\u2019, The American Journal of Sports Medicine 33(3), 428\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546504268407","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504268407"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabbett, T., Minbashian, A. & Finch, C., 2007, \u2018Influence of environmental and ground conditions on injury risk in rugby league\u2019, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 10(4), 211\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.11.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.11.003"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galambos, S.A., Terry, P.C., Moyle, G.M. & Locke, S.A., 2005, \u2018Psychological predictors of injury among elite athletes\u2019, British Journal of Sports Medicine 39(6), 351\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018440","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018440"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garraway, W.M., Lee, A.J., Hutton, S.J., Russell, E. & Macleod, D.A.D., 2000, \u2018Impact of professionalism on injuries in rugby union\u2019, British Journal of Sports Medicine 34(5), 348\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.34.5.348","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.5.348"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, S.J., Lyons, R.A., Evans, R., Newcombe, R.G., Nash, P., McCabe, M. et al., 2004, \u2018Effectiveness of rugby headgear in preventing soft tissue injuries to the head: A case-control and video cohort study\u2019, British Journal of Sports Medicine 38(2), 159\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2002.002584","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2002.002584"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Junge, A., Engebretsen, L., Mountjoy, M.L., Alonso, J.M., Renstr\u00f6m, P.A., Aubry, M.J. et al., 2009, \u2018Sports injuries during the summer Olympic games 2008\u2019, The American Journal of Sports Medicine 37(11), 2165\u20132172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546509339357","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509339357"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King, D., 2006, \u2018Incidence of injuries in the 2006 New Zealand national junior rugby league competition\u2019, New Zealand Journal of Sports Medicine 34(1), 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2005.09.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2005.09.001"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanzetti, R.M., Lupariello, D., Venditto, T., Rota, P., Guzzini, M., Vadal\u00e0, A. et al., 2017, \u2018The influence of playing surface on injury risk in italian elite rugby players\u2019, Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal 7(1), 180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11138\/mltj\/2017.7.1.180","DOI":"10.11138\/mltj\/2017.7.1.180"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, G. & Jonker, L., 2010, \u2018An introduction to descriptive statistics: A review and practical guide\u2019, Radiography 16(4), e1\u2013e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radi.2010.01.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2010.01.001"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, S.W., Loomis, D.P., Waller, A.E., Chalmers, D.J., Bird, Y.N., Quarrie, K.L. et al., 2005, \u2018Evaluation of protective equipment for prevention of injuries in rugby union\u2019, International Journal of Epidemiology 34(1), 113\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyh346","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh346"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, I.S., Ranson, C. & Mathema, P., 2015, \u2018Injury risk in international rugby union: Three-year injury surveillance of the welsh national team\u2019, Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 3(7), 2325967115596194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2325967115596194","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967115596194"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Muma, N., Saidi, H. & Githaiga, J.W., 2012, \u2018Surveillance of injuries among Kenya Rugby Union (KRU) players \u2013 Season 2010\u2019, Annals of African Surgery 9(2), 88\u201392."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quarrie, K.L., Alsop, J.C., Waller, A.E., Bird, Y.N., Marshall, S.W. & Chalmers, D.J., 2001, \u2018The New Zealand rugby injury and performance project. VI. A prospective cohort study of risk factors for injury in rugby union football\u2019, British Journal of Sports Medicine 35(3), 157\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.35.3.157","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.35.3.157"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Retchford, T., Crossley, K.M., Grimaldi, A., Kemp, J.L. & Cowan, S.M., 2013, \u2018Can local muscles augment stability in the hip?: A narrative literature review\u2019, Journal of Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interactions 13(1), 1\u201312."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ristolainen, L., Kettunen, J.A., Kujala, U.M. & Heinonen, A., 2012, \u2018Sport injuries as the main cause of sport career termination among Finnish top-level athletes\u2019, European Journal of Sport Science 12(3), 274\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2011.566365","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2011.566365"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, A., Gill, N. & Cronin, J., 2014, \u2018Match analysis and player characteristics in rugby sevens\u2019, Sports Medicine 44(3), 357\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-013-0123-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0123-0"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sewry, N., Verhagen, E., Lambert, M., Van Mechelen, W., Readhead, C., Viljoen, W. et al., 2019, \u2018Seasonal time-loss match injury rates and burden in South African under-16 rugby teams\u2019, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 22(1), 54\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.06.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.06.007"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tondelli, E., Boerio, C., Andreu, M. & Antinori, S., 2022, \u2018Impact, incidence and prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in senior amateur male rugby: Epidemiological study\u2019, The Physician and Sportsmedicine 50(3), 269\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00913847.2021.1924045","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2021.1924045"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitehouse, T., Orr, R., Fitzgerald, E., Harries, S. & McLellan, C.P., 2016, \u2018The epidemiology of injuries in Australian professional Rugby Union 2014 Super Rugby Competition\u2019, Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 4(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2325967116634075","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967116634075"}],"container-title":["South African Journal of Physiotherapy"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/sajp.co.za\/index.php\/sajp\/article\/viewFile\/2079\/3756","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sajp.co.za\/index.php\/sajp\/article\/viewFile\/2079\/3757","content-type":"application\/epub+zip","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sajp.co.za\/index.php\/sajp\/article\/viewFile\/2079\/3758","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sajp.co.za\/index.php\/sajp\/article\/viewFile\/2079\/3759","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sajp.co.za\/index.php\/sajp\/article\/view\/2079\/3759","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:56:22Z","timestamp":1787831782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sajp.co.za\/index.php\/sajp\/article\/view\/2079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajp.v80i1.2079","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-6175","2410-8219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-6175","type":"print"},{"value":"2410-8219","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"article-number":"a2079"}}