{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:48:17Z","timestamp":1787071697024,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Melatonin is a neurohormone secreted by the pineal gland. It is widely present in both plant and animal sources. In several countries, it is sold over the counter as tablets and as food supplement or additive. Currently, it is most often used to prevent jet lag and to induce sleep. It has been and is being used in several clinical trials with different therapeutic approaches. It has sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and chronobiotic effects. In the present review, the potential therapeutic benefits of melatonin in anaesthesia and critical care are presented. This article aims to review the physiological properties of melatonin and how these could prove useful for several clinical applications in perioperative management, critical care and pain medicine. The topic was handsearched from textbooks and journals and electronically from PubMed, and Google scholar using text words.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.111837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]],"date-time":"2013-05-15T02:20:38Z","timestamp":1368584438000},"page":"137-144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The role of melatonin in anaesthesia and critical care"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Madhuri S","family":"Kurdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tushar","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20251205","first-page":"46","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of melatonin: A review of the science","volume":"6","author":"Malhotra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Gen Med"},{"key":"R2-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2004.08.001","article-title":"The basic physiology and pathophysiology of melatonin","volume":"9","author":"Claustrat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"R3-20251205","first-page":"2896","article-title":"Rhythmic variation in beta-adrenergic receptor m RNA levels in the rat pineal gland: Circadian and developmental regulation","volume":"10","author":"Pfeffer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"R4-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.050955","article-title":"Melatonin and its agonists: An update","volume":"193","author":"Arendt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R5-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730405277492","article-title":"Melatonin: Characteristics, concerns and prospects","volume":"20","author":"Arendt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"R6-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.12.1108","article-title":"A circadian signal of change of season in patients with seasonal affective disorder","volume":"58","author":"Wehr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R7-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-009-0041-6","article-title":"Ramelteon: A review of its therapeutic potential in sleep disorders","volume":"26","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"R8-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4233","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R600036200","article-title":"Arylalkylamine N- acetyltransferase: The timezyme","volume":"282","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R9-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.1.8585","article-title":"Melatonin enters the cerebrospinal fluid through the pineal recess","volume":"143","author":"Tricoire","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"R10-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00136.x","article-title":"Melatonin in edible plants identified by radioimmunoassay and by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"18","author":"Dubbels","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"R11-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00962.x","article-title":"Melatonin and its analogs in insomnia and depression","volume":"52","author":"Cardinali","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"R12-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000244534.24216.3a","article-title":"The effects of melatonin premedication on propofol and thiopental induction dose-response curves: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study","volume":"103","author":"Naguib","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R14-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-6529-9","article-title":"Sleep and sleep disturbances: Biological basis and clinical applications","volume":"64","author":"Zisapel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"R15-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2010.00844.x","article-title":"Melatonin has membrane receptor independent hypnotic action on neurons: A hypothesis","volume":"50","author":"Jan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"R16-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2006.00384.x","article-title":"Melatonin and anaesthesia: A clinical perspective","volume":"42","author":"Naguib","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"R17-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06108-6","article-title":"Health in the 24 hour society","volume":"358","author":"Rajaratnam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R19-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00895.x","article-title":"Analgesic effects of melatonin: A review of current evidence from experimental and clinical studies","volume":"51","author":"Wilhelmsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"R20-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.04.018","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates the development of antinociceptive tolerance to delta but not to mu-opiod receptor agonist in mice","volume":"182","author":"Dai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"R21-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.02.067","article-title":"Melatonin enhances antinociceptive effects of delta, but not mu-opiod agonist in mice","volume":"1043","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R22-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000282834.78456.90","article-title":"The clinical impact of pre operative melatonin on post operative outcomes in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy","volume":"105","author":"Caumo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R23-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2003.00047.x","article-title":"Gene expression and functional characterization of melatonin receptors in the spinal cord of the rat: Implications for pain modulation","volume":"35","author":"Zahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"R24-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e3181907ebe","article-title":"Melatonin provides anxiolysis, enhances analgesia, decreases intraocular pressure, and promotes better operating conditions during cataract surgery under topical anaesthesia","volume":"108","author":"Ismail","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R25-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)00883-1","article-title":"Selective MT 2 melatonin receptor antagonist blocks melatonin-induced antinociception in rats","volume":"282","author":"Yu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R26-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2006.19.2.137","article-title":"Antinociceptive effects of intrathecal melatonin on formalin and thermal induced pain in rats","volume":"19","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"R27-20251205","first-page":"159","article-title":"Disrupted chronobiology of sleep and cytoprotection in obesity: Possible therapeutic value of melatonin","volume":"53","author":"Cardinali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva"},{"key":"R28-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200204-356OC","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of melatonin in asthma","volume":"166","author":"Sutherland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R29-20251205","first-page":"51","article-title":"Melatonin in gastroprotection against stress-induced acute gastric lesions and in healing of chronic gastric ulcers","volume":"57","author":"Konturek","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"R30-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2010.03.006","article-title":"Melatonin in septic shock: Some recent concepts","volume":"25","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"R31-20251205","first-page":"135","article-title":"Oxidative toxicity in models of neurodegeneration: Responses to melatonin","volume":"12","author":"Reiter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"R32-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)81008-4","article-title":"Melatonin: A multitasking molecule","volume":"181","author":"Reiter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"R33-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033887","article-title":"Role of melatonin in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"7","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"R34-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.2174\/092986708786848640","article-title":"Anti oxidants and neuroprotection in the adult and developing central nervous system","volume":"15","author":"Kaur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"R35-20251205","article-title":"Clinical uses of melatonin in pediatrics","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Barcel\u00f3","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr 2011"},{"key":"R36-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(03)00085-2","article-title":"Melatonin prevents cytoskeletal alteration and oxidative stress induced by okadaic acid in NIE-115 cells","volume":"182","author":"Benitez-King","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R37-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01923947","article-title":"The melatonin rhythm: Both a clock and a calendar","volume":"49","author":"Reiter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"R38-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(95)02020-9","article-title":"Chronobiotics-drugs that shift rhythms","volume":"69","author":"Dawson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R39-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2002.460106.x","article-title":"The influence of anaesthesia and surgery on the circadian rhythm of melatonin","volume":"46","author":"Karkela","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"R40-20251205","first-page":"79","article-title":"Melatonin and the cardiovascular system","volume":"23","author":"Sewerynek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"R41-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10765","article-title":"The suprachiasmatic nucleus balances sympathetic and parasympathetic output to peripheral organs through separate preautonomic neurons","volume":"464","author":"Buijs","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"R42-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0456(01)00261-7","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of melatonin on vascular reactivity: Possible role of vasoactive mediators","volume":"130","author":"Anwar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"R43-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ijg.0000133150.44686.0b","article-title":"Effect of 5-MCA-NAT, a putative melatonin MT 3 receptor agonist, on intraocular pressure in glaucomatous monkeys eyes","volume":"13","author":"Serle","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"R44-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705118","article-title":"Ocular hypotensive effects of melatonin receptor agonists in the rabbit: Further evidence for an MT 3 receptor","volume":"138","author":"Pintor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"R45-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181e7d626","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of melatonin as an anxiolytic and analgesic in the perioperative period: A qualitative systematic review of randomized trials","volume":"113","author":"Yousaf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R46-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-200503000-00005","article-title":"Melatonin vs. midazolam premedication in children: A double blind, placebo- controlled study","volume":"22","author":"Samarkandi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"R47-20251205","first-page":"473","article-title":"The comparative dose-response effects of melatonin and midazolam for premedication of adult patients: A double blinded, placebo controlled study","volume":"91","author":"Naguib","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R48-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318181f689","article-title":"Melatonin improves tourniquet tolerance and enhances post operative analgesia in patients receiving intravenous regional anaesthesia","volume":"107","author":"Mowafi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R49-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/22201173.2008.10872555","article-title":"Melatonin as pre medication for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A double blind, placebo controlled study","volume":"14","author":"Ionescu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia"},{"key":"R50-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/82.6.875","article-title":"Premedication with melatonin: A double blind, placebo controlled comparison with midazolam","volume":"82","author":"Naguib","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R51-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000222476.62547.ed","article-title":"Melatonin does not reduce anxiety more than placebo in the elderly undergoing surgery","volume":"103","author":"Capuzzo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R52-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-981467","article-title":"Melatonin is a useful alternative to sedation in children undergoing brain stem audiometry with an age dependent success rate-a field report of 250 investigations","volume":"38","author":"Schimdt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"R53-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.2001.0923","article-title":"The use of melatonin as an alternative to sedation in uncooperative children undergoing an MRI examination","volume":"57","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"R54-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2008.02608.x","article-title":"Premedication with melatonin versus midazolam in anxious children","volume":"18","author":"Isik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"R55-20251205","first-page":"504","article-title":"Melatonin for Anxiolysis in children","volume":"53","author":"Bajaj","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"R56-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1103900205","article-title":"Perioperative melatonin use","volume":"39","author":"Jarratt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"R57-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021506001505","article-title":"Melatonin premedication and the induction dose of propofol","volume":"24","author":"Turkistani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"R58-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.2005.27.10.948896","article-title":"Adjuvant effects of melatonin on anaesthesia induced by thiopentone sodium, ketamine and ether in rats","volume":"27","author":"Budhiraja","year":"2005","journal-title":"Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R59-20251205","first-page":"533","article-title":"The future of anaesthetic pharmacology. [editorial]","volume":"53","author":"Batra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"R60-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000065545.58026.23","article-title":"The electoencephalographic Effects of IV Anaesthetic Doses of Melatonin: Comparative studies with Thiopental and Propofol","volume":"97","author":"Naguib","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R61-20251205","first-page":"78","article-title":"Melatonin premedication does not enhance induction of anaesthesia with sevoflurane as assessed by bispectral index monitoring","volume":"50","author":"Evagelidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"R62-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000074796.10856.1F","article-title":"The hypnotic and analgesic effects of 2-Bromomelatonin","volume":"97","author":"Naguib","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R64-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2003.10.003","article-title":"Melatonin reduces oxidative stress in surgical neonates","volume":"39","author":"Gitto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"R65-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00854.x","article-title":"The use of high dose melatonin in liver resection is safe-first clinical experience","volume":"50","author":"Nickkholgh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"R66-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg337","article-title":"Effects of melatonin in the prevention of post-operative adhesion formation in a rat uterine horn adhesion model","volume":"18","author":"Ozcelik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"R68-20251205","first-page":"155","article-title":"Effects of preoperative oral melatonin premedication on postoperative analgesia, sleep quality and sedation in patients undergoing elective prostatectomy: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Borazaa","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAaesth"},{"key":"R69-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200202000-00019","article-title":"Melatonin for treatment and prevention of postoperative delirium","volume":"94","author":"Hanania","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R70-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-11-34","article-title":"The effects of melatonin versus placebo on delirium in hip fracture patients: Study protocol of a randomised, placebo-controlled, double blind trial","volume":"11","author":"De Jonghe","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"R71-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-011-1099-2","article-title":"Oral melatonin, dexmedetomidine and midazolam for prevention of postoperative agitation in children","volume":"23","author":"Ozcengiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"R72-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181a91870","article-title":"Preoperative melatonin and its effects on induction and emergence in children undergoing anaesthesia and surgery","volume":"111","author":"Kain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R73-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e31819a6cf0","article-title":"The effect of melatonin on sleep quality after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Gogenur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R74-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00567.x","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of melatonin on peritonitis-induced septic shock with MODS in rats","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"R75-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.58.9.0001","article-title":"Pharmacological utility of melatonin in the treatment of septic shock: Experimental and clinical evidences","volume":"58","author":"Escames","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"R76-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2174\/187221412799015317","article-title":"Melatonin in bacterial and viral infections with focus on sepsis: A review","volume":"6","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov"},{"key":"R77-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200112000-00021","article-title":"Effects of melatonin treatment in septic newborns","volume":"50","author":"Gitto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"R78-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e120","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3182191dc4","article-title":"Melatonin status in paediatric intensive care patients with sepsis","volume":"13","author":"Bagci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R79-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000259380.52437.E9","volume":"35","author":"Maldonado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R80-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1078\/0940-2993-00236","article-title":"Protective role of melatonin and a combination of vitamin C and vitamin E on lung toxicity induced by chlorpyrifos-ethyl in rats","volume":"54","author":"Karaoz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"R81-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R52","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6871","article-title":"Melatonin therapy to improve nocturnal sleep in critically ill patients: Encouraging results from a small randomised controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Bourne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R82-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-005-0061-x","article-title":"Melatonin: Possible implications for the post operative and critically ill patients","volume":"32","author":"Bourne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R83-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s100670050003","article-title":"The effect of melatonin in patients with fibromyalgia: A pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Citera","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"R84-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210794079254","article-title":"Implications of melatonin therapy in irritable bowel syndrome; a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Mozaffari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"R85-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1997.1704511.x","article-title":"Nocturnal plasma melatonin profile and melatonin kinetics during infusion in status migrainosus","volume":"17","author":"Claustrat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"R86-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000134653.35587.24","article-title":"Melatonin 3 mg is effective for migraine prevention","volume":"63","author":"Peres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R87-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.01.025","article-title":"Oral and spinal melatonin reduces tactile allodynia in rats via activation of MT 2 and opioid receptors","volume":"132","author":"Ambriz-Tututi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R88-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0633.2002.290401.x","article-title":"Randomized double blind clinical trial, controlled with placebo, of the toxicology of chronic melatonin treatment","volume":"29","author":"Seabra","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"R89-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2006.00377.x","article-title":"Reduced oxidative damage in ALS by high- dose enteral melatonin treatment","volume":"41","author":"Weishaupt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"R90-20251205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)22029-8","article-title":"Psychopharmacological effects of melatonin in mouse and rat","volume":"227","author":"Sugden","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01762628-201357020-00006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1787068283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01762628-201357020-00006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0019-5049.111837","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-5049","0976-2817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-5049","type":"print"},{"value":"0976-2817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}}}