{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:20:06Z","timestamp":1790382006267,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major obstacle in the control of this disease. The rK39 strip-test using patient's blood is a breakthrough; however, it still requires a blood sample, which is a concern for safety in the field. We tried to simplify the test using the patient's urine instead of blood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To observe the sensitivity and specificity of the urine test in comparison with the blood test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We tested active and post-treatment VL patients, Post Kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), VL\/HIV and control subjects (healthy, disease suspects and diseased other than VL) with the rK39 strip-test using blood and urine samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Analysis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The level of agreement between the urine and blood testing was calculated by inter-rater agreement (kappa) statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty-two active VL, 40 treated VL, six PKDL, three VL\/HIV and 139 controls (54 healthy, 21 disease suspects and 64 diseased other than VL) were tested. All VL-related cases showed positive results with urine as well as blood samples (100%). The urine testing was found to have 100% sensitivity and 86.33% specificity for the diagnosis of VL. Kappa statistic between the two methods was 0.916 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). Urine testing had more false-positive results in comparison with blood testing (13.67% vs. 9.45%), but the test subjects were from VL-endemic areas and they might be exposed to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study has the potentiality of providing a new, yet simplest non-invasive screening tool for VL in remote rural areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.101378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,26]],"date-time":"2012-09-26T20:40:02Z","timestamp":1348692002000},"page":"180-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Testing urine samples with rK39 strip as the simplest non-invasive field diagnosis for visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"RP","family":"Goswami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RP","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1748","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: What are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control?","volume":"5","author":"Chappuis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"R2-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.09.006","article-title":"Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"105","author":"Srivastava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R3-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)04350-X","article-title":"Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"351","author":"Sundar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R4-4-20240205","first-page":"759","article-title":"K39 strip test - easy, reliable and cost-effective field diagnosis for visceral leishmaniasis in India","volume":"51","author":"Goswami","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"R5-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.544","article-title":"Compararative evaluation of rK9, rK26 and rK39 antigens in the serodiagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"R6-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38917.503056.7C","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"333","author":"Chappuis","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R7-4-20240205","first-page":"789","article-title":"Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using urine samples","volume":"9","author":"Islam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"R8-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.599","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect urinary antibody against recombinant rKRP42 antigen made from Leishmania donovani for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"79","author":"Islam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R9-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00043-8","article-title":"Antigenuria in visceral leishmaniasis: Detection and partial characterisation of a carbohydrate antigen","volume":"82","author":"Sarkari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"R10-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00155-8","article-title":"Latex agglutination test for the detection of urinary antigens in visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"78","author":"Attar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"R11-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01251.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a urinary antigenbased latex agglutination test in the diagnosis of kala-azar in eastern Nepal","volume":"9","author":"Rijal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R12-4-20240205","first-page":"93","article-title":"Immunochromatographic (rK39) strip test in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh","volume":"12","author":"Sarker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mymensingh Med J"},{"key":"R13-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01533.x","article-title":"Field validity, reproducibility and feasibility of diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis in rural Nepal","volume":"11","author":"Chappuis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R14-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-114","article-title":"Evaluation of rK-39 strip test using urine for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area in Bangladesh","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"R15-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.05.008","article-title":"Evaluation of rk39 immunochromatographic test with urine for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"105","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R16-4-20240205","first-page":"849","article-title":"Detection of anti-Leishmania immunoglobulin G antibodies in urine specimens of dogs with leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"Solano-Gallego","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"R17-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01775.x","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of parasitology and serological tests in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in India: A phase III diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"12","author":"Sundar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Postgraduate Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00005257-201258030-00004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:01:10Z","timestamp":1786647670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00005257-201258030-00004"}},"subtitle":["An early report from eastern India"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0022-3859.101378","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3859","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}