{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:24:02Z","timestamp":1791894242304,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An increase in tuberculosis (TB) incidence has been associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of patients with HIV and miliary TB treated with short-course intermittent chemotherapy in the absence of access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Settings and Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective study of HIV infected adults referred to a TB clinic between July 1999 and July 2004.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      On diagnosis of miliary TB, patients were treated with a standard regimen of two months of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide followed by four months of isoniazid and rifampicin (2EHRZ\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/4RH\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) thrice weekly and followed up for 24 months. Patients were reviewed clinically every month and two sputa were collected. Chest radiographs and blood investigations were done at two months, end of treatment and every six months thereafter.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 498 patients with HIV and tuberculosis, 31 (6%) were diagnosed as miliary tuberculosis. At diagnosis, sputum smear was positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in 14 patients (45%) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was isolated in 21 (68%). The mean CD4 cell count was 129 \u00b1 125 cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Twenty-five patients were declared cured at the end of treatment (81%) while one (3%) died and five (16%) failed. The recurrence rate was 19.4\/100 person-years and the median survival was 17 months (95% CI 14 to 20). None of the patients received antiretroviral therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Miliary TB tends to occur among HIV infected patients with severe immunosuppression. Though the initial response to short-course chemotherapy was encouraging, a high recurrence rate and mortality was observed indicating poor prognosis in HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.37509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,26]],"date-time":"2009-02-26T01:27:10Z","timestamp":1235611630000},"page":"228-231","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Miliary tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients not on antiretroviral therapy"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Swaminathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Padmapriyadarsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Ponnuraja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CH","family":"Sumathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Rajasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"VA","family":"Amerandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MVK","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CN","family":"Deivanayagam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-3-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(74)90482-3","article-title":"Miliary tuberculosis","volume":"56","author":"Sahn","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"R2-3-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380030064029","article-title":"Tuberculosis as a manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)","volume":"256","author":"Sunderam","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R3-3-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1258\/004947506776593396","article-title":"HIV-TB: Epidemiology, clinical features and diagnosis of smear negative TB","volume":"36","author":"Keshinro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"R4-3-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.5.1164","article-title":"Disseminated tuberculosis in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome era","volume":"144","author":"Hill","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"R5-3-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1086\/318706","article-title":"A review of efficacy studies of 6 month short course chemotherapy for TB among patients infected with HIV: Difference in study outcomes","volume":"32","author":"El-Sadr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R6-3-20240205","first-page":"252","article-title":"Clinical aspects of miliary tuberculosis in Saudi adults","volume":"4","author":"AI-Jahdali","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"R7-3-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70163-8","article-title":"Miliary tuberculosis: New insights into an old disease","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8-3-20240205","first-page":"157","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in miliary tuberculosis: A twelve-year experience","volume":"38","author":"Mohan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci"},{"key":"R10-3-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/159.1.96","article-title":"Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection","volume":"159","author":"Chaisson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R11-3-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.3.570","article-title":"Tuberculosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Clinical Features, response to therapy and survival","volume":"136","author":"Chaisson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Rev Resp Dis"},{"key":"R12-3-20240205","first-page":"123","article-title":"Clinico-radiological spectrum of tuberculosis among HIV sero-positives - A Tambaram study","volume":"48","author":"Deivanayagam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian J Tub"},{"key":"R14-3-20240205","first-page":"189","article-title":"Pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV positive individuals: Preliminary report on clinical features and response to treatment","volume":"49","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J Tub"},{"key":"R15-3-20240205","first-page":"493","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 110 miliary tuberculosis patients from a low HIV prevalence country","volume":"8","author":"Hussain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"R16-3-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2001.00328.x","article-title":"Miliary tuberculosis: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and outcome in 38 adults","volume":"6","author":"Mert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"R17-3-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440230105014","article-title":"Relapse of tuberculosis after treatment in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"157","author":"Pulido","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Postgraduate Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00005257-200753040-00003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:52:48Z","timestamp":1786647168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00005257-200753040-00003"}},"subtitle":["Clinical profile and response to shortcourse chemotherapy"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0022-3859.37509","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3859","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007]]}}}