{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:00:24Z","timestamp":1787950824099,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stroke may be caused by antiphospholipid antibodies (APL), especially in young persons without other risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of two clinically significant APL-anticardiolipin antibody (ACL) and lupus anticoagulants (LA) in young patients presenting with sudden neurological deficit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Settings and Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A case-control study performed in a large tertiary care government hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten milliliters of blood was collected from 51 consecutive young patients (age less than 45 years) diagnosed as ischemic stroke and 50 healthy age- and sex-matched controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Analysis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Statistical analysis was done using Epi Info\n                      <jats:sup>TM<\/jats:sup>\n                      6 software.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, the risk factor profile was: Smoking (23.5%), positive family history (13.7%), hyperlipidemia (8%), and diabetes mellitus (3.6%). APL (LA and ACL) were present in 29.4% of the samples and in 4% of controls. The '\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      ' value for ACL and LA was 0.03 and 0.02 respectively, but the maximum level of ACL was 25 GPL units only. One-fourth of the patients were smokers and one-sixth had a family history of thrombosis (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.048 and 0.036, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>APL, positive family history and smoking were significantly associated with stroke in the young. We advocate screening for APL in all young patients with stroke.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.57387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,31]],"date-time":"2009-10-31T03:27:10Z","timestamp":1256959630000},"page":"161-164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Antiphospholipid antibodies in young Indian patients with stroke"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"MN","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Rohatgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-02-0441","article-title":"Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"101","author":"Galli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R2-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199907)42:7<1309::AID-ANR1>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: Report of an international workshop","volume":"42","author":"Wilson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R3-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x","article-title":"International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)","volume":"4","author":"Miyakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"R4-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8588(02)00103-X","article-title":"Antiphospholipid thrombosis syndromes","volume":"17","author":"Bick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin N Am"},{"key":"R5-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.049163","article-title":"Thrombophilia and first arterial ischaemic stroke: A systematic review","volume":"90","author":"Haywood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"R6-4-20240205","first-page":"201","article-title":"Evaluation of antiphospholipid antibodies in young women with ischemic stroke","volume":"45","author":"Cojocaru","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rom J Intern Med"},{"key":"R7-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000031927.25510.D1","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies and stroke in young women","volume":"33","author":"Brey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R8-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203303lu392oa","article-title":"Non-stroke neurological syndromes associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: Evaluation of clinical and experimental studies","volume":"12","author":"Chapman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"R9-4-20240205","first-page":"481","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies in young myocardial infarction patients","volume":"44","author":"Mishra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"R10-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)00071-3","article-title":"Anticardiolipin antibodies in ischemic stroke in the young: Indian Experience","volume":"150","author":"Nagaraja","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R11-4-20240205","first-page":"359","article-title":"Prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies in various thrombotic conditions: A hospital-based study","volume":"51","author":"Chandrashekhara","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"R12-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000117575.48205.2D","article-title":"Anticardiolipin antibodies and risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack The Framingham cohort and offspring study","volume":"35","author":"Janardhan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R13-4-20240205","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Ischemic stroke with antiphospholipid antibody","volume":"60","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Nerve"},{"key":"R14-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5359.37787","article-title":"Significance of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with bad obstetric history","volume":"61","author":"Mishra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Med Sci"},{"key":"R15-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2004.06.018","article-title":"Management of the neurological manifestations of APS what do the trials tell us?","volume":"114","author":"Brey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"R16-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2004.00241.x","article-title":"Do antiphospholipid antibodies increase the long-term risk of thrombotic complications in young patients with a recent TIA or ischemic stroke?","volume":"109","author":"van Goor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"R17-4-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2004.06.033","article-title":"Controversies in the antiphospholipid syndrome and stroke","volume":"114","author":"Gatenby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Postgraduate 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