{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T04:33:19Z","timestamp":1790483599413,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Periodic limb movement (PLM) and Restless leg syndrome (RLS) are types of sleep disorders that are not very well recognized in clinical practice. While RLS is a clinical diagnosis, the diagnosis of PLM is made by polysomnography. They share the same pathophysiology and often respond to the same treatment. To date all the epidemiological studies have reported the prevalence between 2% and 15%. It has recently become known that mild obstructive sleep apnea and upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) can masquerade as PLM syndrome. New discoveries have been made with regard to genetics and PLM and RLS. Detailed review on this subject should improve the awareness of these disorders, both among general physicians and specialists. Extensive review of journals in the past 20 years was made using Medline search.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.65284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,8]],"date-time":"2010-07-08T07:28:15Z","timestamp":1278574095000},"page":"157-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Review of periodic limb movement and restless leg syndrome"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"R","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1087-0792(99)90021-7","article-title":"Secondary periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Rijsman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"R2-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2001.0193","article-title":"Clinical symptomatology and treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder","volume":"6","author":"Stiasny","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"R4-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/24.2.188","article-title":"The association of upper airway resistance with periodic limb movements","volume":"24","author":"Exar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"R5-21-20240205","first-page":"A336","article-title":"Periodic limb movements and nasal CPAP","volume":"23","author":"Baran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"R6-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/26.6.717","article-title":"Change in periodic limb movement index during treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with continuous positive airway pressure","volume":"26","author":"Baran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"R7-21-20240205","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Detection of respiratory events during NPSG: Nasal cannula\/pressure sensor versus thermistor","volume":"20","author":"Norman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"R8-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(03)00010-8","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome: Diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health","volume":"4","author":"Allen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"R9-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.03.006","article-title":"Impact, diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in a primary care population: The REST (RLS epidemiology, symptoms, and treatment) primary care study","volume":"5","author":"Hening","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"R10-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1102","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome in an Asian population: A study in Singapore","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R11-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2005.01381.x","article-title":"Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and associated factors in the Korean adult population: The Korean Health and Genome Study","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R12-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.11.004","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome in an Indian urban population","volume":"9","author":"Rangarajan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"R13-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.2.196","article-title":"Sex and the risk of restless legs syndrome in the general population","volume":"164","author":"Berger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R14-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.14.2137","article-title":"Epidemiology of restless legs symptoms in adults","volume":"160","author":"Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R15-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.03.015","article-title":"Race and restless legs syndrome symptoms in an adult community sample in east Baltimore","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"R16-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90494-1","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome in end-stage renal disease","volume":"28","author":"Winkelman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R17-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.01.013","article-title":"Pregnancy as a risk factor for restless legs syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Manconi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"R18-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1258\/1362180042721076","article-title":"Sleep and the menopause","volume":"10","author":"Polo-Kantola","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Br Menopause Soc"},{"key":"R19-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000036606.56405.3D","article-title":"Transient restless legs syndrome after spinal anesthesia: A prospective study","volume":"59","author":"H\u03c6gl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R20-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(01)00110-1","article-title":"Sleep complaints and restless legs syndrome in adult type 2 diabetics","volume":"2","author":"Skomro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"R21-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.7.866","article-title":"Association of restless legs syndrome in type 2 diabetes: A case-control study","volume":"30","author":"Merlino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"R22-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21624","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease","volume":"22","author":"G\u03c3mez-Esteban","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R24-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.03.005","article-title":"Antidepressant medication use and restless legs syndrome in patients presenting with insomnia","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"R25-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389801301202","article-title":"Periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"13","author":"Picchietti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R26-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(99)00152-6","article-title":"Dopaminergic therapy in children with restless legs\/periodic limb movements in sleep and ADHD. Dopaminergic Therapy Study Group","volume":"22","author":"Walters","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R27-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.19.5.487","article-title":"Exercise and restless legs syndrome: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Aukerman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"R28-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318183bb22","article-title":"Effect of acute and chronic physical exercise on patients with periodic leg movements","volume":"41","author":"Esteves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R29-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.1.92","article-title":"A questionnaire study of 138 patients with restless legs syndrome: the \"Night-Walkers\" survey","volume":"46","author":"Walters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R30-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2006.045690","article-title":"Genetic aspects of restless legs syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Dhawan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"R31-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072743","article-title":"A genetic risk factor for periodic limb movements in sleep","volume":"357","author":"Stefansson","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R32-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000302178.53759.92","article-title":"Genetics of restless legs syndrome: A burning urge to move","volume":"70","author":"Winkelmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R33-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10282","article-title":"Complex segregation analysis of restless legs syndrome provides evidence for an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance in early age at onset families","volume":"52","author":"Winkelmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R34-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200001)15:1<154::AID-MDS1025>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Clinical correlates of 6-hydroxydopamine injections into A11 dopaminergic neurons in rats: A possible model for restless legs syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Ondo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R35-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.8.1698","article-title":"Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Earley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R36-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2005.11.009","article-title":"MRI-determined regional brain iron concentrations in early- and late-onset restless legs syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Earley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"R37-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000123251.60485.AC","article-title":"Decreased transferrin receptor expression by neuromelanin cells in restless legs syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Connor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R38-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4547(20001201)62:5<623::AID-JNR1>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Insight into the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Earley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"R39-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21533","article-title":"Pathophysiological concepts of restless legs syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Paulus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R40-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh441","article-title":"The role of opioids in restless legs syndrome: An [11C]diprenorphine PET study","volume":"128","author":"von Spiczak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R41-21-20240205","first-page":"970","article-title":"The treatment of restless leg syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Review","volume":"22","author":"Hening","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"R42-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.3.560","article-title":"An update on the dopaminergic treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder","volume":"27","author":"Hening","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"R43-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20200","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of pergolide-induced fibrosis","volume":"19","author":"Agarwal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R44-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/19.3.205","article-title":"Augmentation of the restless legs syndrome with carbidopa\/levodopa","volume":"19","author":"Allen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"R45-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1214","article-title":"Long-term follow-up on restless legs syndrome patients treated with opioids","volume":"16","author":"Walters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R46-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.9.1717","article-title":"Treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS) with gabapentin","volume":"57","author":"Happe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R47-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.10.1573","article-title":"Treatment of restless legs syndrome with gabapentin: A double-blind, cross-over study","volume":"59","author":"Garcia-Borreguero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R48-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/19.3.224","article-title":"Management of restless legs syndrome with gabapentin (Neurontin)","volume":"19","author":"Mellick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"R49-21-20240205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01271247","article-title":"Lamotrigine in the treatment of nocturnal myoclonus syndrome (NMS): Two case reports","volume":"103","author":"Staedt","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"}],"container-title":["Journal of Postgraduate Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00005257-201056020-00021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:17:33Z","timestamp":1787768253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00005257-201056020-00021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0022-3859.65284","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3859","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}}}