{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:12:54Z","timestamp":1790698374873,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Worldwide, a large number of children are prescribed drugs on an outpatient basis. Medication errors are fairly common in these settings. Though this matter has been well recognized as a cause of concern, limited data is available from ambulatory settings. Medication errors can be defined as errors that may occur at any step, starting from ordering a medication, to dispensing, administration of the drug and the subsequent monitoring. The outcomes of such errors are variable and may range between those that are clinically insignificant to a life-threatening event. The reasons for these medication errors are multi-factorial. Children are unable to administer medications to themselves and also require a strict weight-based dosing regimen. The risk factors associated with medication errors include complex regimens with multiple medications. Overdosing and under-dosing (10-fold calculation errors), an increased or a decreased frequency of dosing or an inappropriate duration of administration of the medication, are frequently detected errors. The lack of availability of proper formulations adds to the confusion. The low level of literacy among the caregivers can aggravate this problem. There is a lack of proper reporting and monitoring mechanisms in most ambulatory settings, hence these errors remain unrecognized and often go unreported. This article summarizes the current available literature on medication errors in ambulatory settings and the possible strategies that can be adopted to reduce the burden of these errors in order to improve child care and patient safety. Voluntary, anonymous reporting can be introduced in the healthcare institutions to determine the incidence of these errors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.93252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,25]],"date-time":"2012-02-25T03:30:45Z","timestamp":1330140645000},"page":"47-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Strategies to reduce medication errors in pediatric ambulatory settings"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Mehndiratta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R4-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2005.013797","article-title":"What constitutes a prescribing error in paediatrics?","volume":"14","author":"Ghaleb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"R5-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzq059","article-title":"How are medication errors defined? A systematic literature review of definitions and characteristics","volume":"22","author":"Lisby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"R7-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-5990(16)30608-X","article-title":"Preventing Medical Injury","volume":"19","author":"Leape","year":"1993","journal-title":"QRB Qual Rev Bull"},{"key":"R8-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02600138","article-title":"Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events in hospitalized adults","volume":"8","author":"Bates","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"R9-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ambp.2007.05.005","article-title":"Adverse drug events in pediatric outpatients","volume":"7","author":"Kaushal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ambul Pediatr"},{"key":"R10-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.07.043","article-title":"Potential medication dosing errors in outpatient pediatrics","volume":"147","author":"McPhillips","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R11-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200427090-00004","article-title":"Review Incidence and nature of dosing errors in paediatric medications: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"R12-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530010049034","article-title":"Systems analysis of adverse drug events. ADE Prevention Study Group","volume":"274","author":"Leape","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R13-8-20250320","first-page":"e30","article-title":"Medication errors in paediatric outpatients","volume":"19","author":"Kaushal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"R14-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.09.054","article-title":"Risk factors in preventable adverse drug events in pediatric outpatients","volume":"152","author":"Zandieh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R15-8-20250320","first-page":"74","article-title":"Medication errors in paediatric outpatient prescriptions of a teaching hospital in Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Oshikoya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nig Q J Hosp Med"},{"key":"R16-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ambp.2007.04.004","article-title":"Association of low caregiver health literacy with reported use of nonstandardized dosing instruments and lack of knowledge of weight-based dosing","volume":"7","author":"Yin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ambul Pediatr"},{"key":"R17-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.269","article-title":"Parents' medication administration errors: Role of dosing instruments and health literacy","volume":"164","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"R18-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-011-0040-y","article-title":"Dosing Ability of Indian Parents for Liquid Medication","volume":"48","author":"Ravikiran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"R19-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39469.763218.BE","article-title":"Rates of medication errors among depressed and burnt out residents: Prospective cohort study","volume":"336","author":"Fahrenkopf","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R20-8-20250320","first-page":"741","article-title":"Liquid medication dosing errors","volume":"49","author":"Madlon-Kay","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"R21-8-20250320","first-page":"715","article-title":"Predictors of Misunderstanding Pediatric Liquid Medication Instructions","volume":"41","author":"Bailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"R22-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1K420","article-title":"Accuracy of oral liquid measuring devices: Comparison of dosing cup and oral dosing syringe","volume":"42","author":"Sobhani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"R23-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.3.330","article-title":"Parents can dose liquid medication accurately","volume":"100","author":"McMahon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R24-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa020703","article-title":"Adverse drug events in ambulatory care","volume":"348","author":"Gandhi","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R26-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.127761","article-title":"Educational interventions to reduce prescribing errors","volume":"93","author":"Conroy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"R27-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/PTS.0b013e3181b3a9b0","article-title":"The role of advice in medication administration errors in the pediatric ambulatory setting","volume":"5","author":"Lemer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Patient Saf"},{"key":"R28-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2009.03395.x","article-title":"Do educational interventions improve prescribing by medical students and junior doctors? A systematic review","volume":"67","author":"Ross","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R29-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7237.788","article-title":"Using information technology to reduce rates of medication errors in hospitals","volume":"320","author":"Bates","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R30-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1999.00660313","article-title":"The impact of Computerized Physician Order Entry on medication error prevention","volume":"6","author":"Bates","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"R31-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270003254794","article-title":"Reducing medication errors and increasing patient safety: Case studies in clinical pharmacology","volume":"43","author":"Benjamin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R32-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1136\/qhc.11.3.261","article-title":"Information technology and medical safety: What is the benefit?","volume":"11","author":"Kaushal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"R33-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.9.1002","article-title":"How can information technology improve patient safety and reduce medication errors in children's health care?","volume":"155","author":"Kaushal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"R34-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200528090-00006","article-title":"Computer calculated dose in paediatric prescribing","volume":"28","author":"Kirk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"R35-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.1.59","article-title":"Computerized physician order entry and medication errors in a pediatric critical care unit","volume":"113","author":"Potts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R36-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.162.9.814","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of a pictogram-based intervention to reduce liquid medication dosing errors and improve adherence among caregivers of young children","volume":"162","author":"Yin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"R37-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.7.620","article-title":"Evaluation of a method to reduce over-the-counter medication dosing error","volume":"158","author":"Frush","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"R38-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2009.03415.x","article-title":"Medication errors: Definition and classification","volume":"67","author":"Aronson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R39-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200629110-00001","article-title":"Clarification of terminology in medication errors: Definitions and classification","volume":"29","author":"Ferner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"R40-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa020847","article-title":"Improving safety with information technology","volume":"348","author":"Bates","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R41-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2004.010611","article-title":"Adverse drug events and medication errors: Detection and classification methods","volume":"13","author":"Morimoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"key":"R42-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7237.768","article-title":"Human error: Models and management","volume":"320","author":"Reason","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R43-8-20250320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.1609","article-title":"Voluntary anonymous reporting of medical errors for neonatal intensive care","volume":"113","author":"Suresh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Postgraduate Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00005257-201258010-00008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:18:44Z","timestamp":1787768324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00005257-201258010-00008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0022-3859.93252","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3859"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3859","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}}}