{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:20:48Z","timestamp":1787847648340,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A variety of neuroimaging abnormalities in COVID-19 have been described.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this article, we reviewed the varied neuroimaging patterns in patients with COVID-19-associated neurological complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and preprint databases (medRxiv and bioRxiv). The search terms we used were \u201cCOVID -19 and encephalitis, encephalopathy, neuroimaging or neuroradiology\u201d and \u201cSARS-CoV-2 and encephalitis, encephalopathy, neuroimaging or neuroradiology\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuroimaging abnormalities are common in old age and patients with comorbidities. Neuroimaging abnormalities are largely vascular in origin. COVID-19-associated coagulopathy results in large vessel occlusion and cerebral venous thrombosis. COVID-19-associated intracerebral hemorrhage resembles anticoagulant associated intracerebral hemorrhage. On neuroimaging, hypoxic-ischemic damage along with hyperimmune reaction against the SARS-COV-2 virus manifests as small vessel disease. Small vessel disease appears as diffuse leukoencephalopathy and widespread microbleeds, and subcortical white matter hyperintensities. Occasionally, gray matter hyperintensity, similar to those observed seen in autoimmune encephalitis, has been noted. In many cases, white matter lesions similar to that in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis have been described. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in COVID-19 seems to be a parainfectious event and autoimmune in origin. Many cases of acute necrotizing encephalitis resulting in extensive damage to thalamus and brain stem have been described; cytokine storm has been considered a pathogenic mechanism behind this. None of the neuroimaging abnormalities can provide a clue to the possible pathogenic mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Periventricular white-matter MR hyperintensity, microbleeds, arterial and venous infarcts, and hemorrhages are apparently distinctive neuroimaging abnormalities in patients with COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.314531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T01:30:50Z","timestamp":1619400650000},"page":"260-271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Neuroimaging Patterns in Patients with COVID-19-Associated Neurological Complications"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Ravindra K","family":"Garg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vimal K","family":"Paliwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hardeep S","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen K","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R3-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06222-z","article-title":"Pathological brain CT scans in severe COVID-19 ICU patients","volume":"46","author":"Castellano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R7-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030940","article-title":"Cerebral microbleeds and leukoencephalopathy in critically Ill patients with COVID-19","volume":"51","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R8-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6793","article-title":"Brain imaging of patients with COVID-19: Findings at an academic institution during the height of the outbreak in New York City","volume":"41","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R9-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e324","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020202791","article-title":"Nervous System involvement in COVID-19: Results from a retrospective consecutive neuroimaging cohort","volume":"297","author":"Klironomos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R10-5-20240907","first-page":"E13","article-title":"Retrospective observational study of brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurological manifestations","volume":"29","author":"Chougar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R11-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1868","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010112","article-title":"Neurologic and neuroimaging findings in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective multicenter study","volume":"95","author":"Kremer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R12-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa240","article-title":"The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: Clinical, radiological and laboratory findings","volume":"143","author":"Paterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R13-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa239","article-title":"Cerebrovascular disease in patients with COVID-19: Neuroimaging, histological and clinical description","volume":"143","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R15-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E242","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020202222","article-title":"Brain MRI findings in severe COVID-19: A retrospective observational study","volume":"297","author":"Kremer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R17-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.192","article-title":"Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)-associated encephalopathies and cerebrovascular disease: The new orleans experience","volume":"141","author":"Scullen","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"R18-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6610","article-title":"Brain imaging use and findings in COVID-19: A single academic center experience in the Epicenter of disease in the United States","volume":"41","author":"Radmanesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R19-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201933","article-title":"Imaging in neurological disease of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. 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