{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:23:08Z","timestamp":1787844188112,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a painful condition, often leading to poor quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this review was to discuss the various treatment modalities for the medical management of TN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed the available literature on TN in clinical databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, with a specific focus on the pharmacological treatment and newer drugs under development for the treatment of TN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Carbamazepine (CBZ) is the gold standard of treatment for TN. The first-line drugs for the treatment of TN are CBZ and oxcarbazepine (OXC). A proportion of cases (30%) are initially resistant to the first-line drugs. Alternative drugs need to be considered if the first-line drugs are not well tolerated or become ineffective with prolonged therapy. The second-line drugs comprise lamotrigine, baclofen, gabapentin, and pregabalin used as monotherapy or in combination with CBZ\/OXC. Botulinum toxin A may be a promising presurgical option. Newer drug like vixotrigine has shown good results in phase two randomized control trials. About 50% of cases develop treatment resistance to oral drugs over the subsequent years of therapy and require surgical options.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The first-line drugs for the treatment of TN (irrespective of the age group or type) are CBZ and OXC. Combination therapy with second-line or other drugs may become necessary with poor response to CBZ\/OXC, or if adverse events occur. Patients should be offered surgical options if there is poor response or tolerance to the medical therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.315996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]],"date-time":"2021-05-16T04:19:32Z","timestamp":1621138772000},"page":"S199-S205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Medical Management of Trigeminal Neuralgia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Satish V","family":"Khadilkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varsha A","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-25-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1914484","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"383","author":"Cruccu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R3-25-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411424619","article-title":"Prevalence of trigeminal neuralgia and persistent idiopathic facial pain: A population-based study","volume":"31","author":"Mueller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"R4-25-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.01.030","article-title":"Epidemiology and treatment of neuropathic pain: The UK primary care perspective","volume":"122","author":"Hall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R5-25-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.08.023","article-title":"Incidence of facial pain in the general population","volume":"147","author":"Koopman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R6-25-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30233-7","article-title":"Advances in diagnosis, classification, pathophysiology, and management of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"19","author":"Bendtsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R7-25-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000853","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"158","author":"Zakrzewska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R8-25-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12441","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia--a prospective systematic study of clinical characteristics in 158 patients","volume":"54","author":"Maarbjerg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"R9-25-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002840","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia: New classification and diagnostic grading for practice and research","volume":"87","author":"Cruccu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R10-25-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001435","article-title":"IASP taskforce for the classification of chronic pain. 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