{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:21:54Z","timestamp":1787757714873,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shunt infection is the most significant morbidity associated with shunt surgery. Based on the existing literature for the prevention and management of shunt infection, region and resource-specific recommendations are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In February 2020, a Guidelines Development Group (GDG) was created by the Indian Society of Paediatric Neurosurgery (IndSPN) to formulate guidelines on shunt infections, which would be relevant to our country and LMIC in general. An initial email survey identified existing practices among the membership of the IndSPN, and eight broad issues pertaining to shunt infection were identified. Next, members of the GDG performed a systematic review of the literature on the prevention and management of shunt infection. Then, through a series of virtual meetings of the GDG over 1 year, evidence from the literature was presented to all the members and consensus was built on different aspects of shunt infection. Finally, the guidelines document was drafted and circulated among the GDG for final approval. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used to grade the evidence and strength of recommendation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The guidelines are divided into eight sections. Level I and Level II evidence was available for only five recommendations and led to a moderate level of recommendations. Most of the available evidence was at Level III and below, and hence the level of recommendation was low or very low. A consensus method was used to provide recommendations for several issues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although most of the recommendations for the prevention and management of shunt infections are based on a low level of evidence, we believe that this document will provide a useful reference to neurosurgeons not only in India but also in other low and middle income countries. These guidelines need to be updated as and when new evidence emerges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.332268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T01:37:09Z","timestamp":1640655429000},"page":"S526-S555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Indian Society of Pediatric Neurosurgery Consensus Guidelines on Preventing and Managing Shunt Infection"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Suhas","family":"Udayakumaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibu","family":"Pillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivas","family":"Dwarakanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suchanda","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveen","family":"Mehrotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subodh","family":"Raju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manas","family":"Panigrahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelam K","family":"Venkataramana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedantam","family":"Rajshekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Sankhla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-40-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R2-40-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-5-25","article-title":"Systems for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations II: Pilot study of a new system","volume":"5","author":"Atkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"R3-40-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4973","article-title":"Endoscopy in the treatment of slit ventricle syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"R4-40-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.10.014","article-title":"GRADE guidelines 26: Informative statements to communicate the findings of systematic reviews of interventions","volume":"119","author":"Santesso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R5-40-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e288","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30402-9","article-title":"New WHO recommendations on intraoperative and postoperative measures for surgical site infection prevention: An evidence-based global perspective","volume":"16","author":"Allegranzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R6-40-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.01.018","article-title":"Update to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection (2017): A summary, review, and strategies for implementation","volume":"46","author":"'O'Hara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"R7-40-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.PEDS14322","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus: Systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. 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