{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T06:51:11Z","timestamp":1787899871831,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global burden of pediatric hydrocephalus is high, causing significant morbidity and mortality among children especially in low- and middle-income countries. It is commonly treated with ventriculoperitoneal shunting, but in recent years, the combined use of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and choroid plexus coagulation (CPC) has enabled patients to live without a shunt.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aim to give an overview of ETV+CPC for the treatment of hydrocephalus in infants, focusing on patient selection, perioperative care, and long-term follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Material:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We summarize observational studies and randomized trials on the efficacy and safety ETV+CPC, mainly from Uganda and North America. The equipment needs and operative steps of ETV+CPC are enumerated. At the end of the article, three illustrative cases of infants who underwent ETV+CPC with differing outcomes are presented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The likelihood of success following ETV+CPC is the highest among infants older than 1 month, those with noninfectious hydrocephalus (e.g., aqueductal stenosis and myelomeningocele), and those previously without a shunt. Poor outcomes are seen in patients with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus or evidence of cisternal scarring. Failure of ETV+CPC most commonly occurs within 3\u20136 months of surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ETV+CPC is an effective and safe alternative to ventriculoperitoneal shunting in appropriately selected infants with hydrocephalus. Long-term studies on functional and neurocognitive outcomes following ETV+CPC will help guide clinicians in decision making, allowing as many children as possible to attain shunt freedom.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.332270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T01:37:09Z","timestamp":1640655429000},"page":"S514-S519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy And Choroid Plexus Coagulation in Infants"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Ronnie E","family":"Baticulon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C","family":"Dewan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-38-20240907","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Dewan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R2-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000028814","article-title":"Surgical treatment of hydrocephalus: A historical perspective","volume":"30","author":"Rachel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"R4-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-018-3902-y","article-title":"Pediatric neurosurgical bellwether procedures for infrastructure capacity building in hospitals and healthcare systems worldwide","volume":"34","author":"Dewan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"R5-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1159\/000055960","article-title":"Long-term follow-up data from the Shunt Design Trial","volume":"33","author":"Kestle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"R6-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.PEDS15253","article-title":"A new Hydrocephalus clinical research network protocol to reduce cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection","volume":"17","author":"Kestle","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R7-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31603-4","article-title":"Antibiotic or silver versus standard ventriculoperitoneal shunts (BASICS): A multicentre, single-blinded, randomised trial and economic evaluation","volume":"394","author":"Mallucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R8-38-20240907","first-page":"358","article-title":"Quality of life in children with hydrocephalus: Results from the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto","volume":"107","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R9-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-009-0983-7","article-title":"Quality of life in obstructive hydrocephalus: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy compared to cerebrospinal fluid shunt","volume":"26","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"R10-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.3.PEDS13488","article-title":"Choroid plexus coagulation in infants with extreme hydrocephalus or hydranencephaly","volume":"14","author":"Shitsama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R11-38-20240907","first-page":"475","article-title":"Comparison of endoscopic third ventriculostomy alone and combined with choroid plexus cauterization in infants younger than 1 year of age: A prospective study in 550 African children","volume":"103","author":"Warf","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R12-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.8.PEDS11163","article-title":"Costs and benefits of neurosurgical intervention for infant hydrocephalus in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"8","author":"Warf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R13-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.8.PEDS17217","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in infant hydrocephalus: A prospective study by the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network","volume":"21","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R14-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.3.PEDS18532","article-title":"Predictors of success for combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in a North American setting: A hydrocephalus clinical research network study","volume":"24","author":"Riva-Cambrin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R16-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1960-0","article-title":"Choroid plexus coagulation for hydrocephalus not due to CSF overproduction: A review","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"R17-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1159\/000452809","article-title":"The global rise of endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization in pediatric hydrocephalus","volume":"52","author":"Dewan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"R18-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.4.PEDS1253","article-title":"Long-term outcome for endoscopic third ventriculostomy alone or in combination with choroid plexus cauterization for congenital aqueductal stenosis in African infants","volume":"10","author":"Warf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R19-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.7.PEDS1198","article-title":"Management of Dandy-Walker complex-associated infant hydrocephalus by combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization","volume":"8","author":"Warf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R20-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.9.PEDS10326","article-title":"Encephalocele in Uganda: Ethnic distinctions in lesion location, endoscopic management of hydrocephalus, and survival in 110 consecutive children","volume":"7","author":"Warf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R21-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-013-2072-1","article-title":"Congenital idiopathic hydrocephalus of infancy: The results of treatment by endoscopic third ventriculostomy with or without choroid plexus cauterization and suggestions for how it works","volume":"29","author":"Warf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"R22-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.PEDS14228","article-title":"Early outcome of combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in childhood hydrocephalus","volume":"15","author":"Bankole","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R23-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.10.PEDS19433","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization for the treatment of infantile hydrocephalus in Haiti","volume":"25","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R24-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.PEDS14152","article-title":"Combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization as primary treatment for infant hydrocephalus: A prospective North American series","volume":"14","author":"Stone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R25-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.3.PEDS0934","article-title":"Theories of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and hydrocephalus: Historical trend","volume":"11","author":"Symss","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R26-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-004-0958-7","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants of less than 1 year of age: Which factors influence the outcome?","volume":"20","author":"Koch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child's Nervous System"},{"key":"R27-38-20240907","first-page":"50","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants","volume":"103","author":"Fritsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R28-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-005-0020-4","article-title":"Proposal of \u201cevolution theory in cerebrospinal fluid dynamics\u201d and minor pathway hydrocephalus in developing immature brain","volume":"22","author":"Oi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Childs Nervous System"},{"key":"R29-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.02.048","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of childhood hydrocephalus","volume":"155","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R30-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.11.PEDS10296","article-title":"Use of the ETV success score to explain the variation in reported endoscopic third ventriculostomy success rates among published case series of childhood hydrocephalus","volume":"7","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R31-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.9.PEDS09304","article-title":"Intraoperative assessment of cerebral aqueduct patency and cisternal scarring: Impact on success of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in 403 African children","volume":"5","author":"Warf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R32-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.12.PEDS16443","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of flexible versus rigid neuroendoscopy for endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization: A propensity score-matched cohort and survival analysis","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R33-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-016-3236-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization for infantile hydrocephalus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Weil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"R34-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.4.PEDS10503","article-title":"Complications of endoscopic third ventriculostomy","volume":"7","author":"Bouras","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R35-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-019-04203-2","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy versus shunt for pediatric hydrocephalus: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Texakalidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Childs Nervous System"},{"key":"R36-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E714","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz122","article-title":"The incidence of postoperative seizures following treatment of postinfectious hydrocephalus in ugandan infants: A post hoc comparison of endoscopic treatment vs shunt placement in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"85","author":"Punchak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R37-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000373199.79462.21","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy vs cerebrospinal fluid shunt in the treatment of hydrocephalus in children: A propensity score-adjusted analysis","volume":"67","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R38-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.9.PEDS09196","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of childhood hydrocephalus in Uganda: Report of a scoring system that predicts success","volume":"5","author":"Warf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R39-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.PEDS17421","article-title":"Comparison of hydrocephalus metrics between infants successfully treated with endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization and those treated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt: A multicenter matched-cohort analysis","volume":"21","author":"Dewan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R40-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.6.PEDS1675","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization outcome: Distinguishing success from failure","volume":"25","author":"Dewan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R41-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.PEDS14250","article-title":"Reopening of an obstructed third ventriculostomy: Long-term success and factors affecting outcome in 215 infants","volume":"15","author":"Marano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R42-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.9.PEDS1236","article-title":"Shunt survival after failed endoscopic treatment of hydrocephalus","volume":"10","author":"Warf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"R43-38-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707568","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment versus shunting for infant hydrocephalus in Uganda","volume":"377","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Neurology India"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0028-3886.332270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:50:28Z","timestamp":1787755828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0028-3886.332270"}},"subtitle":["Current Concepts and Illustrative Cases"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.332270","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3886"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3886","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}}}