{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:21:56Z","timestamp":1787757716705,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malignant meningitis (MM) is the diffuse involvement of the leptomeninges by infiltrating cancer cells, most frequently from lung and breast cancers. This review is aimed to discuss the current advances in the diagnosis and management of MM, along with management of MM-associated hydrocephalus. We reviewed the literature using PubMed and Google Scholar search engines, focusing on various recent randomized controlled trials and clinical trials on MM. Given the hallmark multifocal involvement, the clinical symptoms and signs are also random and asymmetric. There are three important pillars for establishing a diagnosis of MM: clinical examination, neuroimaging, and CSF cytological findings. Several factors should be considered in decision-making, including performance status, neurological findings (clinical, MRI, and CSF flow dynamic), and evaluation of the primary tumor (nature and systemic dissemination). Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) working group recommended the objective assessment of disease for evaluating the progression and response to therapy. Pillars of current management are mainly focal irradiation and intrathecal or systemic chemotherapy. Symptomatic hydrocephalus is managed with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, lumboperitoneal shunt, or endoscopic third ventriculostomy as palliative procedures, providing significant improvement in performance scores in the limited survival time of patients with MM. Studies using novel therapeutic approaches, such as new biological or cytotoxic compounds, are ongoing. Despite the use of all the combinations, the overall prognosis remains grim; therefore, decision-making for treatment should predominantly be based on attaining an optimal quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.332278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T01:37:09Z","timestamp":1640655429000},"page":"S443-S455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Malignant Meningitis Associated with Hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayesh C","family":"Sardhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guramritpal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumen","family":"Kanjilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ved P","family":"Maurya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Behari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-29-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02214196","article-title":"Zur entwickelung des epithelioms (cholesteatoms) der pia und der lunge","volume":"49","author":"Eberth","year":"1869","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med"},{"key":"R2-29-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255220","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastasis","volume":"30","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"R3-29-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02341153","article-title":"Leptomeningeal metastases: Comparison of clinical features and laboratory data of solid tumors, lymphomas and leukemias","volume":"9","author":"Kaplan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"R4-29-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2006.04.016","article-title":"Neoplastic meningitis from systemic malignancies: Diagnosis, prognosis and treatment","volume":"33","author":"Jaeckle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"R5-29-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70034-6","article-title":"Intrathecal chemotherapy for treatment of leptomeningeal dissemination of metastatic tumours","volume":"11","author":"Beauchesne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"R6-29-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70443-4","article-title":"Neoplastic meningitis","volume":"5","author":"Gleissner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R7-29-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820215)49:4<759::AID-CNCR2820490427>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: Experience with 90 patients","volume":"49","author":"Wasserstrom","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R8-29-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.2.382","article-title":"Presenting features and value of diagnostic procedures in leptomeningeal metastases","volume":"53","author":"van Oostenbrugge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R9-29-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550070064013","article-title":"Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: Presenting features and prognostic factors","volume":"53","author":"Balm","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R10-29-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197808)42:2<660::AID-CNCR2820420237>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Malignant melanoma and central nervous system metastases. 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