{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:26:51Z","timestamp":1786728411901,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a potent biological toxin extracted from Clostridium Botulinum bacteria. BoNT injection is mainly used for medical purposes; it is frequently used for cosmetic purposes as well. The hypothesis that frequent application of this treatment modality may also affect the central nervous system constitutes the subject of our study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to demonstrate the possible central effects of BoNT in hemifacial spasm patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Materials:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diffusion tensor imaging was used for this study. Patients were divided into two groups, and the measured values for each determined bilateral neuroanatomic region were compared within the relevant group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were found to be closer to the pathological values in the right motor cortex and in the left internal capsule areas of the patients who were injected with BoNT into the left side, in the left motor cortex area of the patients who were injected with BoNT into the right side. No significant changes were detected in other regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxin administration in patients with hemifacial spasms may cause some changes in the central nervous system as well as peripheral effects. In the case of similar studies supporting pathological changes, BoNT treatment modalities or appropriate indications may be reviewed, and regulation on excessive cosmetic use may be in question.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.344602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T04:05:56Z","timestamp":1692849956000},"page":"543-547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of MR-Tractography Findings in Hemifacial Spasm Patients Injected with Botulinum Neurotoxin"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Hakan","family":"\u00c7avu\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Kocaeli, Kocaeli, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pervin","family":"\u0130\u015feri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Kocaeli, Kocaeli, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onural","family":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Kocaeli, Kocaeli, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonca","family":"An\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Kocaeli, Kocaeli, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907083410209","article-title":"One man's poison-Clinical applications of botulinum toxin","volume":"341","author":"Hallett","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R3-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880100610","article-title":"Distant effects of local injection of botulinum toxin","volume":"10","author":"Lange","year":"1987","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R4-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00498587","article-title":"125I-labelled botulinum A neurotoxin: Pharmacokinetics in cats after intramuscular injection","volume":"292","author":"Wiegand","year":"1976","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"R5-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870080106","article-title":"Time course of distant effects of local injections of botulinum toxin","volume":"8","author":"Garner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R6-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530110095023","article-title":"Hemifacial spasm in Rochester and Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1960 to 1984","volume":"47","author":"Auger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R7-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.08.049","article-title":"Clinical Application of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Hemifacial Spasm","volume":"145","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R8-20260803","first-page":"49","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and neurosurgical use","volume":"3","author":"An\u0131k","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nerv Syst Surg"},{"key":"R9-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6179","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3757-14.2015","article-title":"Control of autophagosome axonal retrograde flux by presynaptic activity unveiled using botulinum neurotoxin type A","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R10-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13163","article-title":"Retrograde transport of radiolabelled botulinum neurotoxin type A to the CNS after intradetrusor injection in rats","volume":"117","author":"Papagiannopoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"R11-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3689","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0375-08.2008","article-title":"Long-distance retrograde effects of botulinum neurotoxin A","volume":"28","author":"Antonucci","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R12-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.4.571","article-title":"Botulinum toxin does not reverse the cortical dysfunction associated with writer's cramp. A PET study","volume":"120","author":"Ceballos-Baumann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R13-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2012.10.012","article-title":"Comparative assessment of therapeutic response to physiotherapy with or without botulinum toxin injection using diffusion tensor tractography and clinical scores in term diplegic cerebral palsy children","volume":"35","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"R14-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.02034.x","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with primary cervical dystonia and in patients with blepharospasm","volume":"15","author":"Fabbrini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R15-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000230500.03330.01","article-title":"White matter abnormalities in dystonia normalize after botulinum toxin treatment","volume":"17","author":"Blood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"R16-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.782","article-title":"The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system-A technical review","volume":"15","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2002","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"R17-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902000310","article-title":"Lesion-induced sprouting of hippocampal mossy fiber collaterals to the fascia dentata in developing and adult rats","volume":"200","author":"Laurberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"R18-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20383","article-title":"Endothelin-1 modulates anterograde fast axonal transport in the central nervous system","volume":"79","author":"Stokely","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"R19-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77439-4","article-title":"Biomechanics of stretch-induced beading","volume":"76","author":"Markin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biophys J"}],"container-title":["Neurology India"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0028-3886.344602","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:26:42Z","timestamp":1786724802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0028-3886.344602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.344602","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3886","1998-4022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3886","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-4022","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-09-24","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-26","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}