{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:27:31Z","timestamp":1786728451704,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>New controversies have raised on brain death (BD) diagnosis when lesions are localized in the posterior fossa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to discuss the particularities of BD diagnosis in patients with posterior fossa lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The author made a systematic review of literature on this topic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A supratentorial brain lesion usually produces a rostrocaudal transtentorial brain herniation, resulting in forebrain and brainstem loss of function. In secondary brain lesions (i.e., cerebral hypoxia), the brainstem is also affected like the forebrain. Nevertheless, some cases complaining posterior fossa lesions (i.e., basilar artery thrombotic infarcts, or hemorrhages of the brainstem and\/or cerebellum) may retain intracranial blood flow and EEG activity. In this article, I discuss that if a posterior fossa lesion does not produce an enormous increment of intracranial pressure, a complete intracranial circulatory arrest does not occur, explaining the preservation of EEG activity, evoked potentials, and autonomic function. I also addressed Jahi McMath, who was declared braindead, but ancillary tests, performed 9 months after initial brain insult, showed conservation of intracranial structures, EEG activity, and autonomic reactivity to \u201cMother Talks\u201d stimulus, rejecting the diagnosis of BD. Jahi McMath's MRI study demonstrated a huge lesion in the pons. Some authors have argued that in patients with primary brainstem lesions it might be possible to find in some cases partial recovery of consciousness, even fulfilling clinical BD criteria. This was the case in Jahi McMath.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.344634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T04:05:56Z","timestamp":1692849956000},"page":"670-675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Brain Death Diagnosis in Primary Posterior Fossa Lesions"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Calixto","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Havana, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180119000574","article-title":"Aligning the criterion and tests for brain death","volume":"28","author":"Bernat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Camb Q Healthc Ethics"},{"key":"R2-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002782","article-title":"Restoring activity of pig brain cells after death does not invalidate the determination of death by neurologic criteria or undermine the propriety of organ donation after death","volume":"103","author":"Bernat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R3-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006994","article-title":"Strategies to improve uniformity in brain death determination","volume":"92","author":"Bernat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"R4-20260803","first-page":"S22","article-title":"Brain death: A conclusion in search of a justification","volume":"48","author":"Shewmon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"key":"R5-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2014.07.002","article-title":"Historical evolution of the brain death concept: Additional remarks","volume":"29","author":"Machado","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"R6-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2014.07.029","article-title":"Death as a biological notion","volume":"29","author":"Machado","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"R7-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008792","article-title":"Reader response: Variability in reported physician practices for brain death determination","volume":"94","author":"Machado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R8-20260803","article-title":"Further thoughts about the \u201ctransatlantic divide\u201d in brain death determination","volume":"74","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R9-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008531","article-title":"Reader response: Brain death, the determination of brain death, and member guidance for brain death accommodation requests: AAN position statement","volume":"93","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R10-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000537","article-title":"Reader response: Practice current: When do you order ancillary tests to determine brain death?","volume":"8","author":"Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"R11-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006152","article-title":"Reader response: An interdisciplinary response to contemporary concerns about brain death determination","volume":"91","author":"Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R12-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-018-0603-z","article-title":"Response to Machado re: Jahi McMath","volume":"29","author":"Lewis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"R13-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-018-0561-5","article-title":"Reconciling the case of Jahi McMath","volume":"29","author":"Lewis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"R14-20260803","first-page":"4185","article-title":"Zolpidem arousing effect in persistent vegetative state patients: Autonomic, EEG and behavioral assessment","volume":"20","author":"Machado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"R15-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006154","article-title":"Author response: An interdisciplinary response to contemporary concerns about brain death determination","volume":"91","author":"Lewis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R16-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.11.016","article-title":"Brainstem anatomy: A study on the basis of the pattern of fiber organization","volume":"134","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"R17-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.241342","article-title":"Overlap of Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis\/Guillain-Barre syndrome simulating brain death","volume":"66","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"R18-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_430_17","article-title":"An institutional study of awareness of brain-death declaration among resident doctors for cadaver organ donation","volume":"61","author":"Mohod","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"R19-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.140151","article-title":"Brainstem death: A comprehensive review in Indian perspective","volume":"18","author":"Dhanwate","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R20-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2011.05.016","article-title":"Brain death--think twice before labeling a patient","volume":"30","author":"Sodhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"R21-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31821f0d4f","article-title":"Guidelines for the determination of brain death in infants and children: An update of the 1987 Task Force recommendations","volume":"39","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R22-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.5.1003","article-title":"Determining brain death in adults","volume":"45","author":"Wijdicks","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"R23-20260803","first-page":"S77","article-title":"Revisiting death: Implicit bias and the case of Jahi McMath","volume":"48","author":"Goodwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"R24-20260803","first-page":"S74","article-title":"The case of Jahi McMath: A neurologist's view","volume":"48","author":"Shewmon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"key":"R25-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-018-0593-x","article-title":"Truly reconciling the case of Jahi McMath","volume":"29","author":"Shewmon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"R26-20260803","first-page":"S70","article-title":"Lessons from the case of Jahi McMath","volume":"48","author":"Truog","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"R27-20260803","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Brain death at fifty: Exploring consensus, controversy, and contexts","volume":"48","author":"Truog","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"key":"R28-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.10984","article-title":"Biological, legal, and moral definitions of brain death-reply","volume":"320","author":"Truog","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R29-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.6990","article-title":"The 50-year legacy of the harvard report on brain death","volume":"320","author":"Truog","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R30-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.3441","article-title":"Defining death-making sense of the case of Jahi McMath","volume":"319","author":"Truog","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R32-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/155005949903000408","article-title":"Consciousness as a definition of death: Its appeal and complexity","volume":"30","author":"Machado","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Electroencephalogr"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"R33-20260803","first-page":"S19","article-title":"A conceptual justification for brain death","volume":"48","author":"Bernat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"key":"R34-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2307\/3527567","article-title":"A defense of the whole-brain concept of death","volume":"28","author":"Bernat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"key":"R35-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530290161027","article-title":"Brain death. Occurs only with destruction of the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem","volume":"49","author":"Bernat","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R36-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1041531","article-title":"The definition, criterion, and statute of death","volume":"4","author":"Bernat","year":"1984","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"R37-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-100-3-456_1","article-title":"Definition of death","volume":"100","author":"Bernat","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R38-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530290162028","article-title":"Defining death. A superficial and fragile consensus","volume":"49","author":"Youngner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R39-20260803","first-page":"209","article-title":"Death on neurological grounds","volume":"38","author":"Machado","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Sci"},{"key":"R40-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2307\/3562586","article-title":"The impending collapse of the whole-brain definition of death","volume":"23","author":"Veatch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"key":"R41-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1017\/S0098858800008352","article-title":"Consciousness: The most critical moral (constitutional) standard for human personhood","volume":"13","author":"Cranford","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Law Med"},{"key":"R42-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-306-48526-8_1","article-title":"Brain death: Updating a valid concept for 2004","volume":"550","author":"Korein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"R44-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265052502192132","article-title":"The biophilosophical basis of whole-brain death","volume":"19","author":"Bernat","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc Philos Policy"},{"key":"R45-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-720X.2006.00006.x","article-title":"The whole-brain concept of death remains optimum public policy","volume":"34","author":"Bernat","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics"},{"key":"R46-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhz025","article-title":"The organism as a whole in an analysis of death","volume":"44","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Philos"},{"key":"R47-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-95-5-652_1","article-title":"Definition of death","volume":"95","author":"Bernat","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R48-20260803","article-title":"Determination of death (Uniform Determination of Death Act of 1981); natural death (Natural Death Act of 1981)","journal-title":"LEXIS District of Columbia code 1981"},{"key":"R49-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14568","article-title":"Differences in the definition of brain death and their legal impact on intensive care practice","volume":"74","author":"McGee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R50-20260803","first-page":"170","article-title":"Statement issued by the Honorary Secretary of the Conference of Medical Royal Colleges and their Faculties in the United Kingdom on 11th October 1976","volume":"59","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"R51-20260803","article-title":"Ministry of Law JaCALD. The Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994","year":"1994","journal-title":"Central Act 42 of 1994"},{"key":"R52-20260803","article-title":"Ministry of Law JaCALDND","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Transplantation of Human Organs Rules, 1995 (GSR NO. 51(E), dr. (1995 Feb 04)) (As amended vide GSR 571(E) 2008 Jul 31"},{"key":"R53-20260803","year":"2012","journal-title":"Government Resolution No. MAP2012\/C.R.289\/AROGYA-6"},{"key":"R54-20260803","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ministry of Law JaCALDND. Transplantation of Human Organs (Amendment) Rules. 2008"},{"key":"R55-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9502300105","article-title":"Further thoughts on brainstem death","volume":"23","author":"Pallis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"R56-20260803","first-page":"135","article-title":"Brainstem death: The evolution of a concept","volume":"2","author":"Pallis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"R57-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.286.6361.284","article-title":"ABC of brain stem death. The arguments about the EEG","volume":"286","author":"Pallis","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"R58-20260803","first-page":"125","article-title":"\u201cBrainstem death,\u201d \u201cbrain death\u201d and death: A critical re-evaluation of the purported equivalence","volume":"14","author":"Shewmon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Issues Law Med"},{"key":"R59-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.6.1538","article-title":"Chronic \u201cbrain death\u201d: Meta-analysis and conceptual consequences","volume":"51","author":"Shewmon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4_suppl","key":"R60-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110519898039","article-title":"Determination of death by neurologic criteria in the United States: The case for revising the Uniform Determination of Death Act","volume":"47","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics"},{"key":"R61-20260803","article-title":"Assessment of somatic support process for pregnant brain death patients occurring in a transition country between Asia and Europe from medical, ethical, legal and religious aspects","author":"Boran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Relig Health"},{"key":"R62-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1582445","article-title":"Pregnancy and brain death: Lack of guidance in U.S. hospital policies","volume":"33","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"R63-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr282","article-title":"The transatlantic divide over brain death determination and the debate","volume":"135","author":"Wijdicks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5 Neurocritical Care","key":"R64-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000221","article-title":"Determining Brain Death","volume":"21","author":"Wijdicks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"R65-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-018-0602-0","article-title":"Response to Lewis A: Reconciling the case of Jahi Mcmath","volume":"29","author":"Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"R66-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.01.048","article-title":"Progress of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in patients during the development of brain death","volume":"398","author":"Roth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R67-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000568","article-title":"Brain death in patients with \u201cisolated\u201d brainstem lesions: A case against controversy","volume":"31","author":"Manara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"key":"R68-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-017-0442-3","article-title":"Primary posterior fossa lesions and preserved supratentorial cerebral blood flow: Implications for brain death determination","volume":"27","author":"Varelas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"R69-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2015-001348","article-title":"Brainstem or entire brain-based declaration of death: Is there a difference?","volume":"16","author":"Varelas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"R70-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1592317","article-title":"Modern approach to brain death","volume":"36","author":"Varelas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"R71-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.08.009","article-title":"When is \u201cbrainstem death\u201d brain death? The case for ancillary testing in primary infratentorial brain lesion","volume":"129","author":"Walter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R72-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1987.00520210048018","article-title":"Electroencephalographic activity after brain death","volume":"44","author":"Grigg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R73-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(86)90049-3","article-title":"Isolated brain-stem death. Case report with demonstration of preserved visual evoked potentials (VEPs)","volume":"65","author":"Ferbert","year":"1986","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R75-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1547535","article-title":"The clinical determination of brain death: Rational and reliable","volume":"35","author":"Wijdicks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"R76-20260803","first-page":"542","article-title":"A reason for care in the clinical evaluation of function on the spectrum of consciousness","volume":"4","author":"Machado","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Funct Neurol Rehabil Ergon Rehabil"},{"key":"R77-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.10.010","article-title":"The neural correlate of (un) awareness: Lessons from the vegetative state","volume":"9","author":"Laureys","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"R78-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-014-0416-6","article-title":"[Brain death diagnosis after sedation with propofol or sufentanil. Recommendations for the usage of toxicological analytics]","volume":"110","author":"Walter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed"},{"key":"R79-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-017-0631-7","article-title":"Computed tomography perfusion is a useful adjunct to computed tomography angiography in the diagnosis of brain death","volume":"29","author":"Sawicki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R80-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050160","article-title":"Potential pitfalls in apnea testing","volume":"140","author":"Rudolf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"R81-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.906304","article-title":"Accuracy of computed tomographic perfusion in diagnosis of brain death: A prospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Sawicki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"R82-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.12659\/AOT.893808","article-title":"Original protocol using computed tomographic angiography for diagnosis of brain death: A better alternative to standard two-phase technique?","volume":"20","author":"Sawicki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Transplant"},{"key":"R83-20260803","first-page":"583","article-title":"[Re: W.F. Haupt, W","volume":"70","author":"Forderreuther","year":"2002","journal-title":"Holling: Diagnosis of brain death: Medical and legal aspects under the transplantation law of the German Republic Fortschr Neurol Psychiat"},{"key":"R84-20260803","first-page":"165","article-title":"[Diagnosis of brain death in primary infratentorial brain damage]","volume":"58","author":"Frowein","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"R85-20260803","first-page":"46","article-title":"[Brain death]","volume":"91","author":"Haupt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Klin (Munich)"},{"key":"R86-20260803","first-page":"653","article-title":"[Multimodality evoked potentials and brain death. Prerequisites, findings and problems]","volume":"58","author":"Haupt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"R87-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2227","article-title":"The uncommon case of Jahi McMath","volume":"14","author":"Luce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R88-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-018-2111-4","article-title":"The role of cervical color Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of brain death","volume":"61","author":"Pedicelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"R89-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1547541","article-title":"Ancillary testing in brain death","volume":"35","author":"Kramer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"R90-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066609355388","article-title":"Specificity of radionuclide brain blood flow testing in brain death: Case report and review","volume":"25","author":"Joffe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R91-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4209","article-title":"Clinical utility of arterial spin-labeling as a confirmatory test for suspected brain death","volume":"36","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R92-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327104ht478cr","article-title":"Difficulties in assessing brain death in a case of benzodiazepine poisoning with persistent cerebral blood flow","volume":"23","author":"Marrache","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"R93-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-306-48526-8_14","article-title":"On irreversibility as a prerequisite for brain death determination","volume":"550","author":"Bernat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"R94-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1971.tb00668.x","article-title":"Brain death--total brain infarction","volume":"45","author":"Ingvar","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl"},{"key":"R95-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.01.005","article-title":"Using the brain criterion in organ donation after the circulatory determination of death","volume":"33","author":"Dalle Ave","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"R96-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.174037","article-title":"Radionuclide evaluation of brain death in the post-mcmath era","volume":"57","author":"Zuckier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"R97-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066618784268","article-title":"Inconsistencies between the criterion and tests for brain death","volume":"35","author":"Dalle Ave","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R98-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-014-0075-8","article-title":"Brain death determination: Still a lot to learn, still a lot to do\u2026","volume":"21","author":"Varelas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"R99-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(91)90082-9","article-title":"SEP testing in deeply comatose and brain dead patients: The role of nasopharyngeal, scalp and earlobe derivations in recording the P14 potential","volume":"80","author":"Wagner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"}],"container-title":["Neurology India"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0028-3886.344634","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:27:11Z","timestamp":1786724831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0028-3886.344634"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.344634","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3886","1998-4022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3886","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-4022","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-02","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-10","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}