{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:17:34Z","timestamp":1787840254464,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spastic cerebral palsy (CP) is the commonest physiological type according to literature which comes mainly from the developed countries where prematurity is a common cause for cerebral palsy. In developing countries like India, the leading causes of cerebral palsy are birth asphyxia, infections, and hyperbilirubinemia and, hence, the physiological type of CP is likely to be different. However, the data from our country is scant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>103 consecutive treatment-naive CP patients attending pediatric neurology clinic were evaluated in detail using an objective tool, hypertonia assessment tool (HAT) over a period of 6months. Based on the predominant tone, the cases were classified as spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic\/hypotonic, and mixed. The type of cerebral palsy was correlated with perinatal details and neuroimaging findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 103 children, the most common physiological type of CP seen was of dyskinetic type [54 (52.4%)], followed by spastic CP in 30 (29.1%) and mixed (dyskinetic+spastic) CP in 19 (18.4%) children. The most common cause for dyskinetic CP was perinatal asphyxia 33 (61%); for spastic CP was prematurity 17 (56.7%) and; for mixed CP, the main cause was perinatal asphyxia 12 (63.2%). The main neuroimaging finding in predominant dyskinetic CP was basal ganglia\/thalamus involvement followed by pericentral and perirolandic gliosis, whereas in spastic CP, it was periventricular leucomalacia. In mixed CP, there was multicystic encephalomalacia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dyskinetic CP either as predominant type or along with spasticity is the most common physiological type of CP in India and is due to birth-asphyxia, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoglycemia, and infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.349640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T03:55:57Z","timestamp":1692849357000},"page":"1048-1051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Which is the Most Common Physiologic Type of Cerebral Palsy?"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Kamate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayank","family":"Detroja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-33-20241013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1017\/S001216220500112X","article-title":"Proposed definition and classification of cerebral palsy","volume":"47","author":"Bax","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R4-33-20241013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00246.x","article-title":"Dyskinetic cerebral palsy: A population-based study of children born between 1991 and 1998","volume":"49","author":"Himmelmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Med ChildNeurol"},{"key":"R5-33-20241013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60030-0","article-title":"Trends in cerebral palsy among infants of very low birth weight (<1500 g) or born prematurely (<32 weeks) in 16 European centres: A database study","volume":"369","author":"Platt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R6-33-20241013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12865","article-title":"Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy Network. Decreasing prevalence in cerebral palsy: A multisite European population-based study, 1980 to 2003","volume":"58","author":"Sellier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R7-33-20241013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03303.x","article-title":"Trends in prevalence and characteristics of cerebral palsy among Icelandic children born 1990 to 2003","volume":"51","author":"Sigurdard\u00f3ttir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R8-33-20241013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmt035","article-title":"Changes in the clinical spectrum of cerebral palsy over two decades in North India-an analysis of 1212 cases","volume":"59","author":"Singhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"R9-33-20241013","first-page":"108","article-title":"Clinical profile, predisposing factors, and associated co-morbidities of children with cerebral palsy in South India","volume":"10","author":"Gowda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J PediatrNeurosci"},{"key":"R10-33-20241013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11992.x","article-title":"Bilateral spastic cerebral palsy \u2013 A collaborative study between south western Germany and western Sweden. III; Aetiology","volume":"37","author":"Kr\u00e4geloh-Mann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R11-33-20241013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03483.x","article-title":"Development of the hypertonia assessment tool (HAT): A discriminative tool for hypertonia in children","volume":"52","author":"Jethwa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R13-33-20241013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13166","article-title":"MRI classification system (MRICS) for children with cerebral palsy: Development, reliability, and recommendations","volume":"59","author":"Himmelmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R14-33-20241013","first-page":"127","article-title":"Neonatal hypoglycemic brain - injury a common cause of infantile onset remote symptomatic epilepsy","volume":"46","author":"Udani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"R15-33-20241013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808319075","article-title":"Neurologic sequelae of neonatal hypoglycemia in Kayseri, Turkey","volume":"23","author":"Per","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"}],"container-title":["Neurology India"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0028-3886.349640","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:18:29Z","timestamp":1787836709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0028-3886.349640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.349640","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3886"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3886","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}}}