{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:38:47Z","timestamp":1787071127363,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Basal ganglia encephalitis is a part of the spectrum of autoimmune basal ganglia disorders. We are reporting a child who had a fever with focal seizures followed by behavioral problems, rigidity, bradykinesia, and dystonia. His parkinsonism-like features were increasing day by day up to the level that the child was non-ambulatory. His initial Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain showed asymmetrical T2 hyperintensities involving both the caudate nuclei and putamina. Later, with progressive symptoms, repeat MRI revealed a swelling and symmetrical signal change in both the caudate nuclei and putamina in the form of T2 and Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintensities. In addition, there was T2 hyperintensity involving bilateral substantia nigra. Serum basal ganglia antibody, Leptospira Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody was positive, and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) oligoclonal band was positive. So, the child was diagnosed with post-leptospirosis autoimmune basal ganglia encephalitis. He was managed with immunomodulatory agents and significant improvement in the symptoms with mild residual extrapyramidal symptoms were noted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.359156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T03:31:47Z","timestamp":1667273507000},"page":"2121-2124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Basal Ganglia Autoimmune Encephalitis Following Leptospirosis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Vykuntaraju K.","family":"Gowda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, Karnataka, 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