{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:21:46Z","timestamp":1787775706525,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently follows neurological disorders such as non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and has debilitating consequences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this systematic review was the critical appraisal of the literature on the frequency, severity, and temporal progression of PTSD in patients with SAH, the etiology of PTSD, and its effect on patients' quality of life (QoL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Studies were obtained from three databases: PubMed EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Ovid Nursing. The inclusion criteria were English-language studies on adults (defined as at least 18 years of age) in which \u226510 of the participants received a diagnosis of PTSD following SAH. Applying these criteria, 17 studies (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1,381) were included.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 1% and 74% of the participants in each study had PTSD, with a weighted average of 36.6% across all studies. Post-SAH PTSD showed significant correlations with premorbid psychiatric disorders, neuroticism, and maladaptive coping styles. The risk of PTSD was also higher in participants with comorbid depression and anxiety. Stress related to post-ictal events and fear of recurrence were associated with PTSD. However, the risk of PTSD was lower in participants with effective social support networks. The participants' QoL was negatively affected by PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review highlights the high occurrence of PTSD in SAH patients. The temporal progression and chronicity of post-SAH PTSD warrant further research, as do its neuroanatomical and neurochemical correlates. We call for more randomized controlled trials investigating these aspects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.370451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T04:06:41Z","timestamp":1692850001000},"page":"9-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"W. K.","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisha","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin K. F.","family":"Tsoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanley Ho Big Data Decision Analytics Research Centre, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30668-7","article-title":"Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"389","author":"Macdonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R2-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e519","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.581975","article-title":"Cognitive and functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"41","author":"Al-Khindi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R3-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2014.02.018","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric disturbance after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"21","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R4-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.02.008","article-title":"Association of posttraumatic stress symptom severity with health-related quality of life and self-reported functioning across 12 months after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"99","author":"Bosma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R5-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.08.019","article-title":"Impact of PTSD on post-concussive symptoms, neuropsychological functioning, and pain in post-9\/11 veterans with mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"268","author":"Aase","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"R6-20250613","first-page":"333","article-title":"Predictors of work outcomes following supported employment in veterans with a history of traumatic brain injury","volume":"44","author":"Church","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"R7-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3283","article-title":"Impact of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder on functional outcome and health-related quality of life of patients with mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"32","author":"Haagsma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R8-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv038","article-title":"Acute post-traumatic stress symptoms and age predict outcome in military blast concussion","volume":"38","author":"Mac Donald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R9-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09873-9","article-title":"Occurence of post-traumatic stress symptoms, anxiety and depression in the acute phase of transient ischemic attack and stroke","volume":"92","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"R10-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.46","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric sequelae of stroke","volume":"12","author":"Ferro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"R11-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2011.12.008","article-title":"Fatigue after subarachnoid haemorrhage: A systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Kutlubaev","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"R12-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"61","author":"von Elm","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R13-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729756","article-title":"Transformations related to the angular and the square root","volume":"21","author":"Freeman","year":"1950","journal-title":"Ann Math Stat"},{"key":"R14-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-25","article-title":"The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian-Laird method","volume":"14","author":"IntHout","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"R15-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90034-6","article-title":"Analysis of data from multiclinic trials","volume":"7","author":"Fleiss","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"R16-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1159\/000353642","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder in patients 3 years after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"36","author":"Visser-Meily","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R17-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2016.1194557","article-title":"Restrictions and satisfaction with participation in patients who are ADL-independent after an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"24","author":"Huenges Wajer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"R18-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2004.13.21.17117","article-title":"Multiprofessional follow up of patients after subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"13","author":"Jarvis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"key":"R19-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02821.x","article-title":"Quality of life and psychiatric sequelae following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: Does neuroendocrine dysfunction play a role?","volume":"66","author":"Kreitschmann-Andermahr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"R20-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.6.772","article-title":"Psychosocial outcomes at three and nine months after good neurological recovery from aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: Predictors and prognosis","volume":"72","author":"Powell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R21-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2002.000414","article-title":"Psychosocial outcomes at 18 months after good neurological recovery from aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"75","author":"Powell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R22-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-010-0843-y","article-title":"What is the cause of post-traumatic stress disorder following subarachnoid haemorrhage? Post-ictal events are key","volume":"153","author":"Baisch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"R23-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318216047e","article-title":"Subarachnoid hemorrhage patients' fears of recurrence are related to the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"69","author":"Noble","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R24-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.05.053","article-title":"Psychological distress after subarachnoid hemorrhage: Patient support groups can help us better detect it","volume":"343","author":"Noble","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R25-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.939774","article-title":"Are metacognitive processes associated with posttraumatic stress symptom severity following acquired brain injury?","volume":"37","author":"Gill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"R26-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.10894","article-title":"Long-term neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological sequelae of endovascularly treated aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"32","author":"Sousa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Med Port"},{"key":"R27-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1348\/135910705X71434","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and illness perceptions over time following myocardial infarction and subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"11","author":"Sheldrick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"key":"R28-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2010.529748","article-title":"Cognitive and mental health difficulties following subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"21","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"R29-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2011.578769","article-title":"Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in relation to lifetime psychiatric morbidity","volume":"25","author":"Hedlund","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R30-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.11.JNS121552","article-title":"Subarachnoid hemorrhage as a psychological trauma","volume":"120","author":"H\u00fctter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R31-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000327580.91345.78","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder explains reduced quality of life in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients in both the short and long term","volume":"63","author":"Noble","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R32-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.1097\/JNN.0000000000000163","article-title":"Health-Related Quality-of-Life Outcomes: Comparing patients with aneurysmal and nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"47","author":"McIntosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci Nurs"},{"key":"R33-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e31828c708a","article-title":"The effect of injury diagnosis on illness perceptions and expected postconcussion syndrome and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms","volume":"29","author":"Sullivan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"R34-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.07.086","article-title":"The efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"257","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"R35-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197905000-00004","article-title":"Impact of event scale: A measure of subjective stress","volume":"41","author":"Horowitz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"R37-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3992","article-title":"The evolution of post-traumatic stress disorder following moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"33","author":"Alway","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R38-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.09.019","article-title":"Correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder in stroke survivors","volume":"23","author":"Goldfinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R39-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/026990500120826","article-title":"Coping style and post-traumatic stress disorder following severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Bryant","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"R41-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00650","article-title":"Breakthrough for trauma treatment: Safety and efficacy of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy compared to paroxetine and sertraline","volume":"10","author":"Feduccia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"R42-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.03.017","article-title":"Cannabinoid interventions for PTSD: Where to next?","volume":"93","author":"Ney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R43-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101248","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of imagery rehearsal therapy and prazosin in the treatment of trauma-related nightmares in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"50","author":"Y\u00fccel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"R44-20250613","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9705-0_18","article-title":"Neurostimulation in anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"1191","author":"Freire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"}],"container-title":["Neurology India"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0028-3886.370451","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:39:50Z","timestamp":1787773190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0028-3886.370451"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.370451","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3886","1998-4022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3886","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-4022","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-11","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-17","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}