{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:34:38Z","timestamp":1787070878431,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKRS) is now an established standard of treatment for the small-sized arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), meningiomas, schwannomas, metastasis, and other benign diseases. With an exponential rise in the indications for GKRS, we have witnessed an increase in the adverse radiation effects (ARE) following GKRS. The common AREs and associated risk factors following GKRS have been described for pathologies including vestibular schwannomas, arteriovenous malformations, meningiomas, and metastases based on the authors' experience, and a simplified management protocol has been provided for radiation-induced changes based on clinical and radiologic parameters. The dose, volume, location, and repeat stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) are implied as the risk factors for ARE. Clinically symptomatic AREs require oral steroids for weeks to alleviate symptoms. In refractory cases, bevacizumab and surgical resection can be offered as a treatment modality. Appropriate dose planning strategy and hypofractionation for larger lesions help in mitigating the AREs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.373645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T04:30:03Z","timestamp":1692851403000},"page":"S59-S67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Adverse Radiation Effects Following Gamma Knife Radiosurgery"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Shweta","family":"Kedia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemanth","family":"Santhoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manmohan","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-10-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.94.6.0899","article-title":"Radiation necrosis following gamma knife surgery: A case-controlled comparison of treatment parameters and long-term clinical follow up","volume":"94","author":"Chin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R2-10-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.JNS141610","article-title":"Adverse radiation effect after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: Incidence, time course, and risk factors","volume":"123","author":"Sneed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R3-10-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2668","article-title":"A comprehensive review of MR imaging changes following radiosurgery to 500 brain metastases","volume":"32","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R4-10-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.06.1982","article-title":"Delayed radiation-induced vasculitic leukoencephalopathy","volume":"83","author":"Rauch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"R5-10-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-015-0123-2","article-title":"Delayed brain radiation necrosis: Pathological review and new molecular targets for treatment","volume":"48","author":"Furuse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Mol Morphol"},{"key":"R6-10-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002594","article-title":"CNS demyelination and enhanced myelin-reactive responses after ipilimumab treatment","volume":"86","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R7-10-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1179\/016164103101202228","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analysis of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation obliterated by radiosurgery and presenting with re-bleeding. 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