{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:22:15Z","timestamp":1787775735893,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Magnetization transfer contrast imaging (MTC) exploits the principle of exchange of energy between the bound and free protons and was shown to be pathologically informative. There is, however, controversy as to whether it correlates with axonal loss (AL), demyelination (DM), or both. This study addresses the pathophysiological process that underlies the white matter injury using the metric derivative of MTC, magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), and defines the role of MTR in identifying the different stages of inflammation, that is, edema, DM, and AL, using optic nerve as the model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred and forty-two patients with a single, unilateral episode of optic neuritis (ON) were included in the study. Patients were divided into three groups \u2013 those with AL, those with DM, and those who were clinically optic neurites but without any electrophysiological changes suggestive of either AL or DM. MTR and electrophysiological studies were performed in the post-acute stage of ON and the results were compared to those obtained from the unaffected optic nerve.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MTR was significantly reduced in the optic nerves of both DM and AL groups when compared to that in normal optic nerves (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). The difference in MTR between the AL and DM groups did not reach statistical significance. Patient group with acute ON did not show any change in the MTR values compared to the normal controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MTR is a sensitive technique to identify neuronal injury, whether it is DM or AL. It, however, cannot differentiate these two pathological processes. MTR is not sensitive to identify acute ON.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.378641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T04:18:06Z","timestamp":1692850686000},"page":"509-513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Magnetization Transfer Contrast \u2013 Is it Sensitive Enough to Differentiate Demyelination from Axonal Loss?"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Joga","family":"Chaganti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Woodford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai Sivananda","family":"Chaganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra Louise","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Garrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(07)79020-7","article-title":"Neuroimaging in multiple sclerosis","volume":"79","author":"Zivadinov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"R2-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20851","article-title":"Quantifying axonal loss after optic neuritis with optical coherence tomography","volume":"59","author":"Costello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R3-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20575","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer axonal loss and visual dysfunction in optic neuritis","volume":"58","author":"Trip","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R4-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.041","article-title":"Magnetisation transfer ratio in optic neuritis is associated with axonal loss, but not with demyelination","volume":"56","author":"Klistorner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R5-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)91155-5","article-title":"Delayed visual evoked response in optic neuritis","volume":"299","author":"Halliday","year":"1972","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R6-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050681","article-title":"MRI of optic nerve and postchiasmal visual pathways and visual evoked potentials in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"40","author":"Davies","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"R7-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.8.1073","article-title":"Remyelinated lesions in multiple sclerosis: Magnetic resonance image appearance","volume":"60","author":"Barkhof","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R8-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00331-2","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of remyelination in rat brain by magnetization transfer imaging","volume":"178","author":"Deloire-Grassin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R9-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.182.2.1732968","article-title":"Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: Lesion characterization with magnetization transfer imaging","volume":"182","author":"Dousset","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R10-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360113","article-title":"Correlation of magnetization transfer ration with clinical disability in multiple sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Gass","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R11-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199911)46:5<747::AID-ANA10>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Axonal loss in multiple sclerosis lesions: Magnetic resonance imaging insights into substrates of disability","volume":"46","author":"Van Waesberghe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R12-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-0192-3","article-title":"High field MRI correlates of myelin content and axonal density in multiple sclerosis","volume":"250","author":"Mottershead","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R13-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506071212","article-title":"A longitudinal conventional and magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging study of optic neuritis","volume":"13","author":"Melzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"R14-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52291","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052291","article-title":"Optic nerve magnetisation transfer ratio after acute optic neuritis predicts axonal and visual outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R15-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2586(200006)11:6<586::AID-JMRI3>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Magnetization transfer and multicomponent T2 relaxation measurements with histopathologic correlation in an experimental model of MS","volume":"11","author":"Gareau","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"R16-19-20240907","first-page":"2145","article-title":"Electroencephalogram-based scaling of multifocal visual evoked potentials: Effect on intersubject amplitude variability","volume":"42","author":"Klistorner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R17-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21086","article-title":"Myelin deficiencies visualized in vivo: Visually evoked potentials and T2-weighted magnetic resonance images of shiverer mutant and wild-type mice","volume":"84","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"R18-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh076","article-title":"Serial magnetization transfer imaging in acute optic neuritis","volume":"127","author":"Hickman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R19-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-200207000-00001","article-title":"Biexponential T2 relaxation time analysis of the brain: Correlation with magnetization transfer ratio","volume":"37","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investig Radiol"},{"key":"R20-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.21449\/ijate.661803","article-title":"Jamovi: An easy to use statistical software for the social scientists","volume":"6","author":"\u015eahin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Assess Tools Educ"},{"key":"R22-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13384","article-title":"Metan: An R package for multi-environment trial analysis","volume":"11","author":"Olivoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Method Ecol Evol"},{"key":"R23-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507076952","article-title":"Optic nerve magnetization transfer imaging and measures of axonal loss and demyelination in optic neuritis","volume":"13","author":"Trip","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"R24-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(99)00049-1","article-title":"Short-term evolution of individual enhancing MS lesions studied with magnetization transfer imaging","volume":"17","author":"Filippi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"R25-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21302","article-title":"Magnetization transfer ratio evolution with demyelination and remyelination in multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R26-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.073","article-title":"Voxel-based analysis of the evolution of magnetization transfer ratio to quantify remyelination and demyelination with histopathological validation in a multiple sclerosis lesion","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R27-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20202","article-title":"Magnetization transfer ratio and myelin in postmortem multiple sclerosis brain","volume":"56","author":"Schmierer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R28-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5563","article-title":"Evaluation of the sensitivity of inhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT) MRI for multiple sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Van Obberghen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R29-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.59.5.487","article-title":"Magnetisation transfer ratios and transverse magnetisation decay curves in optic neuritis: Correlation with clinical findings and electrophysiology","volume":"59","author":"Thorpe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R30-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.169.6.9393194","article-title":"Optic neuritis: Imaging with magnetization transfer","volume":"169","author":"Boorstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"R31-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.118452","article-title":"Multifocal visual evoked potential in optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy and compressive optic neuropathy","volume":"62","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R32-19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-017-0102-x","article-title":"Diffusion imaging for multilevel assessment of the visual pathway: Possibilities for personalized outcome prediction in autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Kuchling","year":"2017","journal-title":"EPMA J"}],"container-title":["Neurology India"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0028-3886.378641","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:40:52Z","timestamp":1787773252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/0028-3886.378641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.378641","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3886"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3886","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}}}