{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:29:40Z","timestamp":1787758180814,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic analgesic. It has a cardioprotective effect against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I\/R) injury in isolated rat heart. We hypothesized that tramadol may exert a similar protective effect on hepatic I\/R injury. Hence, the current investigation was designed to study the possible protective effects of tramadol on experimentally-induced hepatic I\/R injury in rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tramadol was administered 30 min before ischemia following which the rats were subjected to 45 min of ischemia followed by 1 h of reperfusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tramadol attenuated hepatic injury induced by I\/R as evidenced by the reduction of transaminases, structural changes, and apoptotic cell death. It decreased the level of inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), TNF-\u03b1\/interleukin-10 (IL-10) ratio, and nuclear factor-\u03baB gene expression. It also increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 levels in hepatic tissues. Furthermore, it reduced oxidative stress parameters except manganese superoxide dismutase activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results suggest that tramadol has hepatoprotective effects against hepatic I\/R injury via anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidant effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.182882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,13]],"date-time":"2016-06-13T06:41:01Z","timestamp":1465800061000},"page":"275-280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effects of tramadol on hepatic ischemia\/reperfusion injury in rats"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Mona F.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 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