{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:03:10Z","timestamp":1773237790112,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4249,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,4]],"date-time":"2009-09-04T09:26:58Z","timestamp":1252056418000},"page":"289-300","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["ESTABLISHED AND POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS FOR CLOSTRIDUM DIFFICILE INFECTION"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Vaishnavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp011603","article-title":"Clinical practice: Antibiotic associated diarrhoea","volume":"346","author":"Bartlett","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib2","series-title":"Gastrointestinal tract infections","first-page":"152","article-title":"Antibiotic associated diarrhoea and colitis","author":"Vaishnavi","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031189","article-title":"Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults","volume":"171","author":"Poutanen","year":"2004","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03592-3","article-title":"Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea","volume":"357","author":"Kyne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)03185-6","article-title":"Faecal excretion of brush border membrane enzymes in patients with Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"20","author":"Katyal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1086\/338260","article-title":"Health care costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile","volume":"34","author":"Kyne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib7","unstructured":"Healthcare Commission Healthcare associated infection. What else can the NHS do? Available from: http:\/\/www.healthcarecomission.org.uk. [cited in 2007]."},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib8","first-page":"121","article-title":"Clostridium difficile in antibiotic associated pediatric diarrhea","volume":"31","author":"Dutta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(99)90423-1","article-title":"Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection: Prospective study in an Indian hospital","volume":"43","author":"Dhawan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect."},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib10","first-page":"33","article-title":"Detection of Clostridium difficile toxin by an indigenously developed latex agglutination assay","volume":"20","author":"Vaishnavi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trop Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01343-5","article-title":"Clostridium difficile toxin and faecal lactoferrin assays in adult patients","volume":"2","author":"Vaishnavi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib12","first-page":"69","article-title":"Faecal lactoferrin assay as an adjunct to Clostridium difficile diarrhoea","volume":"45","author":"Vaishnavi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib13","first-page":"518","article-title":"Diagnostic role of stool culture and toxin detection in antibiotic associated diarrhoea due to Clostridium difficile in children","volume":"122","author":"Gogate","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib14","first-page":"45","article-title":"Clostridium difficile in a department of surgery","volume":"25","author":"Martirosian","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mater Med Pol"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.26719\/2001.7.4-5.750","article-title":"Prevalence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea among hospitalised Jordanian patients","volume":"7","author":"Shehabi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eastern Med Health J"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1086\/511795","article-title":"Clostridium difficile associated disease in Oregon: Increasing incidence and hospital level risk factors","volume":"28","author":"Chandler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1086\/496986","article-title":"Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: A cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec","volume":"41","author":"Pepin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051639","article-title":"A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality","volume":"353","author":"Loo","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051590","article-title":"An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile","volume":"353","author":"McDonald","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67420-X","article-title":"Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe","volume":"366","author":"Warny","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01580.x","article-title":"Emergence of Clostridium difficile associated disease in North America and Europe","volume":"12","author":"Kuijper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib22","first-page":"4","article-title":"Update on Clostridium difficile associated disease","volume":"23","author":"Cloud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib23","unstructured":"Weiss B, Kleinkauf N, Neumann M, Eckmanns T, Michels H, Jansen A. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 infection in Germany: Preliminary results of a retrospective case-control study. 18thEuropean congress of Clin. Microbial and Infectious Diseases, Barcelona, Spain Abst. 2008. p. 1480."},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00306-08","article-title":"Wilcox MH Effects of exposure of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotypes 027 and 001 to Fluoroquinolones in a human gut model","volume":"53","author":"Saxton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0012.1999.130407.x","article-title":"Clostridium difficile colitis after kidney and kidney-pancreas transplantation","volume":"13","author":"West","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2004.00040.x","article-title":"Clostridium difficile colitis in patients after kidney and pancreas-kidney transplantation","volume":"6","author":"Keven","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200203000-00008","article-title":"Fulminant Clostridium difficile: An underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications","volume":"235","author":"Dallal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200203000-00005","article-title":"Colorectal disease in liver allograft recipients: A clinicopathological study with follow up","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1086\/517744","article-title":"Clostridium difficile diarrhea after use of tacrolimus following renal transplantation","volume":"27","author":"Sharma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1027154","article-title":"Ulcerous colitis and infection with cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and Clostridium difficile","volume":"46","author":"Arnold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zeitschriff fur Gastroenterologie"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2007.00269.x","article-title":"Clostridium difficile colitis in cystic fibrosis patients with and without lung transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Theunissen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplant Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.32.12.1237","article-title":"Pseudomembranous colitis in a leukemia unit: A report of five fatal cases","volume":"32","author":"Milligan","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7156.452","article-title":"Why are patients prescribed proton pump inhibitors? Retrospective analysis of link between morbidity and prescribing in the General Practice Research Database","volume":"317","author":"Bashford","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1086\/508453","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors and hospitalization for Clostridium difficile\u2013associated disease: A population-based study","volume":"43","author":"Lowe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(03)00088-4","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile diarrhoea","volume":"54","author":"Cunningham","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2005.01.003","article-title":"Albumin, length of stay and proton pump inhibitors: Key factors in Clostridium difficile-associated disease in nursing home patients","volume":"6","author":"Al-Tureshi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03015.x","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor therapy is a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea","volume":"24","author":"Yearsley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2007.tb04016.x","article-title":"Comparative role of antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor in experimental Clostridium difficile infection in mice","volume":"51","author":"Kaur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp060629","article-title":"Association of proton pump inhibitors with outcomes in Clostridium difficile colitis","volume":"64","author":"Cadle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib40","first-page":"241","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection in an urban medical center: Five-year analysis of infection rates among adult admissions and association with the use of proton pump inhibitors","volume":"37","author":"Jayatilaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib41","first-page":"171","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors are an independent risk factor for an increased length of hospital stay in patients with Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"27","author":"Nachnani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.23.2989","article-title":"Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated disease","volume":"294","author":"Dial","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1996.0158","article-title":"Clostridium difficile colitis associated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy in ovarian cancer patients","volume":"61","author":"Emoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1438.1999.99065.x","article-title":"Fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis associated with paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Resnik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib45","first-page":"164","article-title":"Clostridium difficile toxin assay in psoriatic patients","volume":"25","author":"Kumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-12-199812150-00004","article-title":"Acquisition of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalised patients receiving tube feeding","volume":"129","author":"Bliss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1554","article-title":"Clostridium difficile associated infection, diarrhea and colitis","volume":"15","author":"Hookman","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.07.009","article-title":"What is on that keyboard? Detecting hidden environmental reservoirs of Clostridium difficile during an outbreak associated with North American pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 strains","volume":"37","author":"Dumsford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31802dfaf7","article-title":"Clinical aspects of rifampicin-associated pseudomembranous colitis","volume":"41","author":"Si-Wook","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55436_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.02102001_2.x","article-title":"Detection of Clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis in the absence of diarrhoea with an early use of endoscopy in elderly patients","volume":"31","author":"Pudhota","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0255085721015644?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0255085721015644?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T10:35:03Z","timestamp":1633862103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0255085721015644"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0255085721015644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0255-0857.55436","relation":{},"ISSN":["0255-0857"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0255-0857","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}}}