{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T23:23:21Z","timestamp":1788045801319,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]],"date-time":"2019-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1199,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian J Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Introduction: Because of its functional and cosmetic importance, facial injuries, especially bony fractures are clinically very significant. Missed and maltreated fractures might result in malocclusion and disfigurement of the face, thus making accurate diagnosis of the fracture very essential. In earlier times, conventional radiography along with clinical examination played a major role in diagnosis of maxillofacial fractures. However, it was noted that the overlapping nature of bones and the inability to visualise soft tissue swelling and fracture displacement, especially in face, makes radiography less reliable and useful. Computed tomography (CT), also called as X-ray computed radiography, has helped in solving this problem. This clinical study is to compare three-dimensional (3D) CT reconstruction with conventional radiography in evaluating the maxillofacial fractures preoperatively and effecting the surgical management, accordingly. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients, with suspected maxillofacial fractures on clinical examination, were subjected to conventional radiography and CT face with 3D reconstruction. The number and site of fractures in zygoma, maxilla, mandible and nose, detected by both the methods, were enumerated and compared. The final bearing of these additional fractures, on the management protocol, was analysed. Results: CT proved superior to conventional radiography in diagnosing additional number of fractures in zygoma, maxilla, mandible (subcondylar) and nasal bone. Coronal and axial images were found to be significantly more diagnostic in fracture sites such as zygomaticomaxillary complex, orbital floor, arch, lateral maxillary wall and anterior maxillary wall. Conclusion: 3D images gave an inside out picture of the actual sites of fractures. It acted as mind\u2019s eye for pre-operative planning and intra-operative execution of surgery. Better surgical treatment could be given to 33% of the cases because of better diagnostic ability of CT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.191320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T07:08:32Z","timestamp":1475132912000},"page":"225-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Diagnostic tools in maxillofacial fractures: Is there really a need of three-dimensional computed tomography?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Sheerin","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev K.","family":"Uppal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajinder K.","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramneesh","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Saggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saheeb BD. Influence of positions on the incidence and severity of maxillofacial injuries in vehicular crashes [corrected]. West Afr J Med 2003;22146-9.","DOI":"10.4314\/wajm.v22i2.27936"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-2","first-page":"727","volume-title":"Rigid facial skeletal fixation: Advances in treatment","author":"Prysi","year":"1989","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-3","first-page":"131","volume-title":"CT of maxillofacial trauma","author":"Johnson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-4","first-page":"1043","volume-title":"The role of three-dimensional computed tomography in the management of maxillofacial trauma","author":"Mayer","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-5","first-page":"110","volume-title":"The global burden of unintentional injuries and an agenda for progress","author":"Chandran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-6","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Etiology, diagnosis, and characteristics of facial fracture at a midwestern level I trauma center","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trauma Nurs"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-7","first-page":"312","volume-title":"Long-term physical impairment and functional outcomes after complex facial fractures","author":"Girotto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-8","first-page":"420","volume-title":"Acute life-threatening injuries in facial fracture patients: A review of 1,025 patients","author":"Tung","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-9","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The different patterns of fractures of the facial skeleton in four European countries","author":"van","year":"1977","journal-title":"Int J Oral Surg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-10","first-page":"728","volume-title":"Current perspective of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in patients after midface and craniofacial trauma","author":"Sohns","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-11","first-page":"308","volume-title":"Maxillofacial fractures.Analysis of demographic distribution and treatment in 2901 patients (25-year experience)","author":"Erol","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-12","first-page":"866","volume-title":"Maxillofacial injuries","author":"Oji","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-13","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Patterns of maxillofacial trauma in two different cultures.A comparison between Riyadh and Tayside","author":"Brown","year":"1985","journal-title":"J R Coll Surg Edinb"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-14","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Comparison of computed tomography with conventional radiography for midfacial fractures","author":"Tanrikulu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-15","first-page":"198","volume-title":"A comparative study of evaluation of radiographs, CT and 3D reformatted CT in facial trauma: What is the role of 3D?","author":"Reuben","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-16","first-page":"523","volume-title":"Three-dimensional reformations of computed tomography in the assessment of facial trauma","author":"Gillespie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-17","first-page":"715","volume-title":"Validity of multislice computerized tomography for diagnosis of maxillofacial fractures using an independent workstation","author":"Dos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-18","first-page":"842","volume-title":"Do we need three-dimensional computed tomography in maxillofacial surgery?","author":"Klenk","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0970-0358.191320-19","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Identification of nasal bone fractures on conventional radiography and facial CT: Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy in different imaging modalities and analysis of interobserver reliability","author":"Baek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Radiol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Plastic 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